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閱讀：抓主題思想是閱讀理解的關鍵
在信息社會的今天，閱讀是人們獲得科學發(fā)展最新信息的重要途徑。從學生畢業(yè)后的實際需要來看，他們要從浩如煙海的外語資料中獲得有關信息，沒有較強的閱讀能力不行。對學生來說，要順利完成大學英語學習，達到大綱的要求，特別是真正地學會把英語作為獲取信息的工具，加強閱讀訓練，提高閱讀能力是十分重要的。在閱讀過程中，抓文章的主題思想，是對文中具體內(nèi)容理解的關鍵。主題思想（the main idea）是作者在文章中要表達的核心內(nèi)容，也是作者自始至終要說明的問題。能否抓住一篇文章的主題思想，體現(xiàn)了讀者總結(jié)、概括和歸納事物的能力�？梢哉f，找出主題思想是一項十分重要的閱讀技能。
一、抓主題思想，我們首先要學會識別文章中那些最根本、最具有概括力的信息。這種信息應能歸納和概括文中其他信息所具有的共性。例一：
directions：choose the most general sentence．
a．the hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7to 10a．m．daily．
b．there are many reasons why guests feel at home at the glorietta bay inn．
c．the coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board．
d．there are a number of extra services at the glorietta bay inn including baby-sitting．
a、c、d都是從不同的側(cè)面說明旅館的服務情況，相互間并無聯(lián)系。而b卻概括了a、c、d的共性的東西，即：為什么旅客住在這家旅館里有賓至如歸的感覺。因此，b符合題意，倘若在一段文章中包含了以上a、b、c、d幾條信息，那么，b就是該段的中心思想。出于同樣的道理，如果在一篇文章中，作者分段敘述幾方面的內(nèi)容，那么，這些段落所圍繞和要說明的問題就是該文的中心思想。例二：
directions：choose the main idea of the article．（following are the topic sentences of an article．）
1）a mounting body of evidence suggests that fighting violence with violence rarely deters a crime in progress and greatly increases the chances of changing a robbery into a violent attack on the victim．．．．
2）one report shows that at least 100 thousand handguns are stolen from private owners each year，the vast majority during burglaries．．．．
3）moreover，a study of robberies in eight american cities states that in less than 4 percent of the crimes did the victim have the opportunity to use a weapon．．．．
which of the following best reflects the main idea of the article？
a．what happens to the victims of crime？
b．is your family safe？
c．should you arm yourself against crime？
第一段和第三段提到了victims（受害者），第二段提到了入室行竊，但是第三段說明的共同問題是人們是否應擁有自衛(wèi)武器來反對犯罪行為。因此只有選項c才能概括這三段所共同說明的問題，也就是此文的中心思想。
二、主題思想應能恰如其分地概括文中所闡述的內(nèi)容。面不能太窄，即：不足以概括全部內(nèi)容；但是面也不能太寬，即：包含了文中沒有闡述的內(nèi)容。例三：
directions：read the following and choose the title that best expresses the ideas of the passage．
there is a simple economic principle used to determine prices．it is called the law of supply and demand．supply means the amount of，or access to，certain goods．demand represents the number of people who want those goods．if there are more goods than wanted，the price of them falls．on the other hand，if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply， then the price rises．of course，manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased price．
a．economic principles
b．law of supply and demand
c．m ore goods，lower prices
d．fewer goods，higher prices
該問題，a泛指經(jīng)濟規(guī)律，面過寬；c和d只是供需規(guī)則的二個單獨的方面，不能包含全部，面太窄。正確的答案是b，因為這正是該短文自始至終談論的主題。
三、一段文章的中心思想常常由主題句（topic sentence）表達。主題句常常位于段首或段尾處，間或出現(xiàn)在段落中間。同樣，一篇文章的中心思想也常常在開始或結(jié)尾段點出。因此在閱讀中，我們要特別注意文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。例四：
english is clearly an international language．it is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world．over 70 percent of the world's radio programs are in english．
本段主題句為首句，其后的內(nèi)容句均說明首句。例五：
some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do．others prefer to be left to work on their own．still others like a democratic discussion type of class．no one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time．
本段中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)，它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。例六：
for adults a cold is not that serious．however，this is not the case for children．cold symptoms in children may be signs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention．
本段主題句為第二句，因為在however后面才是作者真正的看法，并在下文中進一步作了說明。
然而，我們也常常發(fā)現(xiàn)，有的主題思想并非直接由一、二個句子表述，而是在文中間接暗示著。這就需要讀者根據(jù)文中細節(jié)進行概括與歸納，找出主題思想。例七：
it's no wonder that we have so many rejections for physical reasons in our selective service．since october of 1948，some six million young men havry duty．of these，more than a million were rejected as physically unfit for military service．to get two men today，the united states army must call seven men．of the five rejected three are turned down for physical reasons and two for mental problems．to get the 196thousand additional men we needed for berlin，the government had to call up 750 thousand men．a(chǎn)nd the rejection rate is increasing each year．the reason for this problem is that we are underexercised as a nation．we look，instead of play．we ride，instead of walk．the way we live prevents us from being healthy．
本段中找不到某一句作為主題。根據(jù)文中的內(nèi)容進行歸納，可找出主題思想，即：“the military's rejection rate for physical reason is increasing because this nation's lack of exercise is leading to poor health．”
在確定一篇文章的中心思想時，我們通常用快讀的方法，從頭至尾將全文瀏覽一遍，注意不要被個別詞、句難住而停下來。要從上下文的連貫意思上來理解全文，看看全文談論的是什么主題（subject）、作者是從哪幾個方面（aspects）來進行闡述的、有關這個主題我們了解了些什么。這樣，就可以比較有把握地概括出中心思想了。
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