出題人是怎樣“炮制”考試題的

時(shí)間：2023-05-04 17:54:49 考研英語我要投稿

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出題人是怎樣“炮制”考試題的

Oil pleasant surprise

出題人是怎樣“炮制”考試題的

It seems that oil-price shocks are less shocking than they used to be.

1.COULD the bad old days of stagflation be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December and its highest since the Gulf war in 1991. This near-tripling of oil prices evokes scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global recession. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?

Their absence is even more striking given that, at the start of the year, many commentators (including, rather prominently, this newspaper) expected prices to fall, not rise. OPEC's agreement to cut output has so far proved more durable than many predicted.

2. The oil price was given another nudge up(命題時(shí)改為push up )this week when Iraq suspended oil exports in a showdown with the UN over sanctions. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.

3 . Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. The sharp rise in oil prices follows an equally sharp collapse over the previous two years, when prices fell by more than half to their lowest level in real terms since before the 1973 shock. Even now, prices are not much higher than in early 1997.

Moreover, in most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

4 .Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.

The impact on the output of oil-importing countries also depends on whether oil producers save or spend their windfalls. In 1973 and 1979 many OPEC countries already had current-account surpluses, and most of their extra oil revenues were saved. Today, many have large current-account deficits (Saudi Arabia hit 10% of GDP last year). Cash-strapped producers are more likely to spend their windfalls on imports from rich countries.

5.One more reason not to lose sleep over the surge in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backdrop (命題時(shí)改為background )of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizeable chunk(命題時(shí)改為portion) of the world is only just emerging from recession(命題時(shí)改為economic decline ). The Economist抯 commodity price index is broadly unchanged from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.

　　這是1999年11月27日刊登在某經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)刊上的一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)類評(píng)論文章。作者在文中主要論述了油價(jià)上漲以全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，指出這次上漲不會(huì)像以前造成經(jīng)濟(jì)的衰退并分析列舉了其原因。

　　從文章的題材上講，商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)類的文章始終是考研閱讀的四大題材之一（另外三類是文化教育、社會(huì)生活和科學(xué)技術(shù)），而且這篇文章談?wù)摰氖鞘蛢r(jià)格的漲落這個(gè)全球性的熱門話題，自然是非常適合考研時(shí)出題的。再從體裁上看，這是一篇典型的說明性議論文，也屬于考研閱讀的最常見體裁。問題是這篇文章共有8段，611詞，如果用來設(shè)計(jì)閱讀理解Part B選擇搭配型考題很合適，但若設(shè)計(jì)為Part A單項(xiàng)選擇題型，則段落和字?jǐn)?shù)都有些偏多，因?yàn)樵摬糠值奈恼峦ǔＲ髮⒆謹(jǐn)?shù)控制在400詞左右；多至8段的文章偶爾也有（如2002年第四篇），但多數(shù)文章保留4-5段，便于設(shè)題（一段一題）。

這篇文章被選用于2002年的考研題中，距離發(fā)表時(shí)間，相隔整整三年，被編為第三篇，試題順序?yàn)?1-55。文中劃線的部分是試題中被節(jié)選的內(nèi)容，其余的部分全部被刪除。改編后的文章共5段，427詞。

命題人如何改動(dòng)原文

命題人主要在以下方面對(duì)原文進(jìn)行了改動(dòng):

一、文章的標(biāo)題和引言被刪除。文章標(biāo)題的作用在于概括全文的主題，如果給出，則文章大意就會(huì)一目了然。從測(cè)試的角度講，理解文章的主旨大意是閱讀理解能力考查的首要任務(wù)。即使不出專門的主旨大意題，對(duì)文章主旨大意的理解也會(huì)對(duì)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)以及作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的理解產(chǎn)生很大的影響。因此，考研閱讀的文章標(biāo)題都要被刪掉，使文章主題“藏而不漏”，要求考生從文章的具體內(nèi)容中去理解和把握。本文除標(biāo)題Oil pleasant surprise顯露了文章的談?wù)撛掝}和作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度（pleasant表明作者的態(tài)度是積極的）外，引言“It seems that oil-price shocks are less shocking than they used to be.”也暴露了文章的主題和觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，所以被刪除。

二、表達(dá)不明確的部分被刪除。考研題目對(duì)語言的規(guī)范性要求較高，凡表達(dá)不夠清晰，含義模糊的地方要進(jìn)行修改或刪除。文章第一段中的and its highest since the Gulf war in 1991指的是現(xiàn)在的價(jià)格還是去年十二月份的價(jià)格，很不清楚，所以被刪去。

三、為壓縮字?jǐn)?shù)，不影響文章總體結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容要被刪除。原文第二、四、七段被刪去的部分均屬于此。

四、為使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，段落組織要作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。如原文中的第四和第五段改編后被合為一段。

五、適當(dāng)替換了一些超綱詞，詳見第2、第5段。

節(jié)選、改編后的文章不但沒有破壞原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，反倒使文章變得更加短小精悍，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次清晰。第一段和第二段指出最近石油價(jià)格上漲的情況，指出這次會(huì)不會(huì)向前兩次一樣造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的問題。第三段至第五段：列舉這次油價(jià)上漲的影響不會(huì)像以前那樣嚴(yán)重的幾點(diǎn)原因。

現(xiàn)在我們?cè)賮砜纯疵}人是怎樣設(shè)計(jì)試題的：

51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is

[A] global inflation.

[B] reduction in supply.

[C] fast growth in economy.

[D] Iraq抯 suspension of exports.

【分析】這是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，難度適中，難度系數(shù)為0.555（即有55.5%的考生答對(duì)此題）。命題針對(duì)的是文章第二句；題干中的the main reason是關(guān)鍵詞，說明要求給出的是rise of oil price的原因。原因狀語從句“Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March”解釋了近來石油價(jià)格上漲的原因，所以答案是[B]。其中的reduction in supply是原文中supply cuts的同義替述。

52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if

[A] price of crude rises.

[B] commodity prices rise.

[C] consumption rises.

[D] oil taxes rise.

【分析】從It can be inferred from the text that這個(gè)典型題干可以看出，這是一道推理判斷題。此題難度不大，難度系數(shù)為0.609。命題針對(duì)的是文章第三段第二、三兩句。第二句中的“卌rude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol”指出原油價(jià)格只是石油價(jià)格中的一小部分。第三句則以歐洲的例子說明“taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price（稅收高達(dá)石油零售價(jià)的五分之四）”。由此可以推斷出[A] “原油價(jià)格上升”是錯(cuò)誤的，而[D]項(xiàng)“石油稅上升”是正確的選項(xiàng)。文章中沒有闡述商品價(jià)格及消費(fèi)上漲與石油價(jià)格的關(guān)系，故[B]、[C]不是正確選項(xiàng)。

53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries

[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.

[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil

prices.

[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.

[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.

【分析】推理判斷題，標(biāo)志詞是題干中的show。命題針對(duì)文章第四段第五句，其中提到：經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與

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