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重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法講義及練習(xí)
1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1．1 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表
時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
主動(dòng)被動(dòng) doare done didwere done will dowill be done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
主動(dòng)被動(dòng) are doingare being done were doingwere being done will be doing
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) have donehave been done had donehad been done will have donewill have been done
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) have been doing
1.2 動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)的意義及運(yùn)用
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí)
英語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995
漢語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：已經(jīng)，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.
2) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒(méi)有間斷。
漢語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.
3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
a) said, reported, thought 等引導(dǎo)的間接引語(yǔ)中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
b) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
c) 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中
e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
歷年考題中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.
8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.
Key:
1. comes 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
2. has expanded 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
3. has been 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
4. Standing 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的倒裝形式
5. began 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
6. makes 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
7. has been living 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
8. had been sent 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式
9. witnessed 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
10. were driven 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)
2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
2.1 動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 形式 意義
現(xiàn)在分詞
一 般 式 Doing 主動(dòng), 正在進(jìn)行
被 動(dòng) 式 being done 被動(dòng), 正在進(jìn)行
完成主動(dòng)式 having done 主動(dòng), 已經(jīng)完成
完成被動(dòng)式 having been done 被動(dòng), 已經(jīng)完成
過(guò)去分詞 Done 被動(dòng), 已經(jīng)完成
動(dòng)詞不定式
一 般 式 To do 主動(dòng),將要進(jìn)行
被 動(dòng) 式 To be done 被動(dòng), 將要進(jìn)行
完成主動(dòng)式 To have done 主動(dòng), 已經(jīng)完成
進(jìn)行主動(dòng)式 To be doing 主動(dòng), 正在進(jìn)行
2.2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式：1
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