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英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用 -文秘文書(shū)
英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用句點(diǎn)(Full Stop / Period,“.”) 問(wèn)號(hào)(Question Mark,“?”) 感嘆號(hào)(Exclamation Mark,“!”) 逗點(diǎn)(Comma,“,”) 冒號(hào)(Colon,“:”) 分號(hào)(Semicolon,“;”) 連字符(Hyphen,“-”) 連接號(hào)(En Dash,“–”) 破折號(hào)(Em Dash,“—”) 括號(hào)(Parentheses,小括號(hào)“( )”;中括號(hào)“[]”;大括號(hào)“{}”) 引號(hào)(Quotation Marks,雙引號(hào)“"”;單引號(hào)“‘”) 縮寫(xiě)及所有格符號(hào)(Apostrophe,“‘”)一、.句點(diǎn)1.句點(diǎn)用于當(dāng)一句話完全結(jié)束時(shí)。 2.句點(diǎn)也可以用于英文單詞的縮寫(xiě),如 Mrs., Dr., P.S. 等。但要注意的是當(dāng)縮寫(xiě)的字母形成了一個(gè)單詞的時(shí)候就不要使用句點(diǎn)。如 IBM, DNA 等。二、?問(wèn)號(hào)問(wèn)號(hào)要用在一個(gè)直接的問(wèn)句,而不是間接的。如 How will you solve the problem? 是正確的用法,但用在 I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不對(duì)了,應(yīng)該使用句點(diǎn)而不是問(wèn)號(hào)。另外,在客氣的用語(yǔ)中,也是用句點(diǎn)而不是問(wèn)號(hào).如 Will you please give me a call tomorrow. 三、! 感嘆號(hào)感嘆號(hào)用于感嘆和驚嘆的陳述中,在商業(yè)寫(xiě)作中要注意感嘆號(hào)的應(yīng)用,因?yàn)椴磺‘?dāng)?shù)氖褂脮?huì)顯得突兀及不穩(wěn)重。四、;分號(hào)1.與中文一樣,分號(hào)用于分隔地位平等的獨(dú)立子句。在某些情況下,使用分號(hào)比使用句點(diǎn)更顯出子句之間的緊密聯(lián)系,另外分號(hào)也經(jīng)常與連接副詞 thus, however, therefore一起使用(放在這些詞語(yǔ)之前)。如 I realize I need exercise; however, I’ll lie down first to think about it. 2.在句子中如果已經(jīng)使用過(guò)逗點(diǎn),為了避免歧義的產(chǎn)生,就用分號(hào)來(lái)分隔相似的內(nèi)容。如 The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack Lee. 需要注意的是:一個(gè)完整的句子以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)始,以句點(diǎn)結(jié)束。寫(xiě)英文時(shí)用逗點(diǎn)代替句點(diǎn)、分號(hào)、冒號(hào)或破折號(hào)叫“逗號(hào)錯(cuò)”,這正是中國(guó)學(xué)生所要避免的。請(qǐng)比較下列例句:誤:It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.(注意:上面句子中劃?rùn)M線的部分是兩個(gè)不同的主語(yǔ),而且逗點(diǎn)前后的句子是完整的-----單獨(dú)拿出來(lái)都能代表一個(gè)完整的意思。因此,用逗號(hào)違反了英文規(guī)定,即一個(gè)句子只能有一套主干。)正:It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.誤:The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.正:The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea.五、:冒號(hào)1.冒號(hào)用于對(duì)后面內(nèi)容的介紹或解釋?zhuān)?This is her plan: go shopping. 2.冒號(hào)用于名單之前,特別是一個(gè)豎排的名單。We transferred three employees to new branches:? Tony Wang to New York City? Mike Jackson to Tokyo? Mark Foster to Paris當(dāng)名單橫排的時(shí)候,冒號(hào)要用在一個(gè)完整的句子之后,如 We need seven people: three students, three engineers, and a professor. 3.冒號(hào)用于一個(gè)正式的引用之前。如 The professor said: “It was horrible.” 4.冒號(hào)也可用于商業(yè)或正式信函的稱(chēng)謂后面,如 Dear Mr. Lee:(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,信件或演說(shuō)詞的稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)之后用冒號(hào),而在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中多用逗號(hào)。)5.冒號(hào)用于數(shù)字時(shí)間的表示,如16:45 或 4:45 p.m. 6.冒號(hào)用于主標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題之間,如 Web Directory: World and Non-U.S. Economic Data 六、,逗點(diǎn)1.逗點(diǎn)用于分隔一系列的簡(jiǎn)單內(nèi)容,如 I will go to Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen.2.逗點(diǎn)用于修飾名詞的多個(gè)形容詞之間,如 a small, fancy bike 3.逗點(diǎn)用于連接兩個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的獨(dú)立子句,而且每個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)不同,如 The Grizzlies were out of timeouts, and Miller missed a desperation 3-pointer as time expired. 4.逗點(diǎn)用于關(guān)聯(lián)的子句之間,如 Since he’s your younger brother, please take care of him. 5.逗點(diǎn)用于一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的修飾短語(yǔ)之后,如 In the middle of the coldest winter on record, the pipes froze. 6.逗點(diǎn)用于直接引用的句子之前,如 Mary said, “Let’s go fishing.”(注意:這里說(shuō)的和上面提及的冒號(hào)在直接引語(yǔ)中的使用不一樣。如果是引用比較正式的發(fā)言講話就要用冒號(hào),一般情況下就用逗點(diǎn)。)如果句中含有間接引用就不需要逗點(diǎn),如 Mary said we should go fishing. 在反問(wèn)句之前要使用逗點(diǎn),如 :He worked very hard, didn’t he?以上是比較常用的標(biāo)點(diǎn),下面列出一些次常用的標(biāo)點(diǎn):七、連字號(hào)Hyphen( -) 1.連字號(hào)主要用于某些前綴(如: self-,ex-和all-) 后和構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如: ex-husband(前夫),brand-new(全新的),poorly-dressed(衣著破爛的)I have forty-thousand or fifty-thousand dollars. I want to obtain the whole-year or half-year lease of the apartment. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上復(fù)合詞并用, 而各復(fù)合詞連字號(hào)后的部分相同時(shí), 各復(fù)合詞的相同部分只出現(xiàn)一次,應(yīng)改為the whole-or half-year lease. 2.用于區(qū)分同一詞源3. 當(dāng)某復(fù)合詞中出現(xiàn)重復(fù)的字母或過(guò)多的元音, 使閱讀困難時(shí), 可用連字號(hào)把前綴和詞根分開(kāi)。non-nuclear, re-use, semi-independent 4. 構(gòu)成某些復(fù)合數(shù)字(在英文寫(xiě)作中,100以下的數(shù)字應(yīng)該用英文單詞寫(xiě)出來(lái),不可用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字代替)twenty-one during the years 1949-1999 有時(shí), 用作名詞的分?jǐn)?shù)可以不用連字號(hào), 但所有用作形容詞的分詞均須加連字號(hào)。如: one fourth [ 也可one-fourth ] of those surveyed 5.用于一個(gè)詞的一部分要移行, 一般按音節(jié)間斷開(kāi)單詞加連字號(hào)(例如:ha-ppy,不可斷為hap-py……),或根據(jù)發(fā)音,不要把單個(gè)字母留在行尾或行首。注意一頁(yè)中最后一個(gè)單詞不能使用連字號(hào)將其置于兩頁(yè)。八、圓括弧Parenthesis( ( ) ) 1.標(biāo)出表順序的數(shù)字和字母(如: (1) 、(2) 等) 2.用來(lái)表示其中插入的或附加的解釋成分。這個(gè)插入成分可以是單詞、詞組或句子.但要注意,括號(hào)會(huì)削弱強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,因此,如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)插入的句子成份,則要用破折號(hào)。They might take a walk together(remember feet) and see the neighborhood with fresh , new eyes. 九、引號(hào)Quotation Marks(“”‘’) 引號(hào)分單引號(hào)(single quotation marks) 和雙引號(hào)(double quotation marks) 。單引號(hào)只用在一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)中所含有的另一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)上。1. 表示直接引語(yǔ)。當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)超過(guò)四行或多于40 個(gè)字詞時(shí), 一般不用引號(hào)而改用黑體字以便與文章的其它部分界線清晰“Well, ”the foreigner said to him ,“ you look like an engineer. ”句號(hào)和逗號(hào)必須置于引號(hào)(雙引號(hào)和單引號(hào)) 之內(nèi)。He told the gunman ,“I refuse to do that ”;his knees , however , were shaking even as he said those words. She called this schedule of activities her “l(fā)oad ”:work , study , exercise , recreation , and sleep. 冒號(hào)與分號(hào)必置于引號(hào)外。The teacher asked , “Could you understand me”? Did the teacher ask ,“Have they gone”?Did the teacher ask ,“They have gone ?” The frightened girl screamed ,“Help”! The fellow only said ,“Sorry !” He interrupted me , “Now , listen”——and went on saying. 問(wèn)號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)和破折號(hào)有時(shí)置于引號(hào)之內(nèi), 有時(shí)置于外號(hào)之外。如果所引內(nèi)容本身是疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句或帶有破折號(hào), 問(wèn)號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)或破折號(hào)一般放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)。否則,放在引號(hào)之外。2. 標(biāo)明短篇出版物的標(biāo)題, 諸如雜志、報(bào)紙上的文章、短詩(shī)、短篇故事和整部書(shū)的某一章節(jié)。Have you read“The Old Man and the Sea”? Chapter three is entitled“The Internet . ” 3.表示所用的詞語(yǔ)具有特殊意義。另外,當(dāng)俚語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在較正式的文章中, 也用引號(hào)引起來(lái), 以表示文風(fēng)的有意轉(zhuǎn)變。The report contained the“facts”of the case. The speaker owns a“fat farm”in California , which slims down rich overeaters for $2 , 500 a week. 4. 用于表示引起讀者注意的詞語(yǔ), 或讀者不熟悉的特殊詞語(yǔ)。It is customary to say“Youpre welcome” whenever anyone says“Thank you. ” “SOS”is a message for help from a ship or aircraft when in danger. 十、省略號(hào)Ell ipsis(...) 此省略號(hào)無(wú)論出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、還是句尾,都是表示單詞的省略。1. 表示直接引語(yǔ)中的省略Max wrote ,“...in one word ,manps consciousness , changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence....” 句后的省略號(hào)和句號(hào)的寫(xiě)法應(yīng)是在一條直線上的四個(gè)黑點(diǎn)。前三個(gè)黑點(diǎn)表示省略號(hào),后一個(gè)黑點(diǎn)表句號(hào)。2. 表示說(shuō)話中的猶豫或遲疑“If that the way you think...just go back to school ,”he said. 3. 表示段落或整行詞句的省略, 須使用一整行黑點(diǎn)。十一、撇號(hào)或省字號(hào)Apostrophe(’)1.構(gòu)成名詞所有格rest my son’ sa moment’s books A three weeks’pay 2.表示詞、字母、數(shù)碼、符號(hào)等的復(fù)數(shù)形式Don’t use so many ands in the sentence. How many 5s have you got? 這與一般單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不同, 正規(guī)的寫(xiě)法須在s 前加“ ’ ”, 要牢記規(guī)則。3.除表動(dòng)詞的緊縮形式外, 還表一個(gè)或幾個(gè)字母和數(shù)字的省略。I’ve got it. “Yes ,ma’ am ,”the waiter said. 注意:有相當(dāng)大一部分省略詞是口語(yǔ)中的用法,不宜出現(xiàn)在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。例如:I’d like to(在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中要寫(xiě)作I would like to)十二、 字底線Underline( ) 和斜體Italics 斜體是英語(yǔ)的一種獨(dú)特的書(shū)寫(xiě)手段, 但具有標(biāo)點(diǎn)的作用,它和字底線的作用完全一樣。1. 用于火車(chē)、飛機(jī)、輪船、太空船的名稱(chēng)之下Challenger (飛機(jī)) Apollo Nine(太空船) 2. 用于具有一定厚度的書(shū)籍、報(bào)紙、雜志、長(zhǎng)詩(shī)、電影、作曲的標(biāo)題下Have you read Gone with the Wind ?在書(shū)寫(xiě)體中,長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)書(shū)名下要加字底線,如是印刷體寫(xiě)成斜體即可。the Washington Post Time magazine 3.表示不常用的或還沒(méi)有被英語(yǔ)這一語(yǔ)言所接受的外來(lái)詞或短語(yǔ)。但外來(lái)語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)植物科目須用字底線來(lái)表示。In Korea , the sixty-first birthday is calld huan gup (beginning of new life) 1 He longed for La dolce vita. 4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)文章中的某些詞語(yǔ),以引起讀者的注意, 相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的著重號(hào)(即在所強(qiáng)調(diào)的漢字下加一個(gè)黑點(diǎn)) 。英國(guó)英語(yǔ)和美國(guó)英語(yǔ)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的差異1.引號(hào)的用法:①屬于引語(yǔ)的逗號(hào)、句號(hào)在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中位于引號(hào)內(nèi),而在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中多位于引號(hào)外;②引語(yǔ)內(nèi)再套用引語(yǔ)時(shí),美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中雙引號(hào)在外單引號(hào)在內(nèi),而英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中的單引號(hào)在外、雙引號(hào)在內(nèi)。 在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,如果省略號(hào)恰好在句尾,就用四個(gè)點(diǎn),如I‘d like to...that is...if you don‘t mind.... 2. 冒號(hào)的用法:①在小時(shí)與分鐘之間,美國(guó)英語(yǔ)多用冒號(hào),英國(guó)英語(yǔ)多用句號(hào);②美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,信件或演說(shuō)詞的稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)之后用冒號(hào),而在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中多用逗號(hào)。 中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的差異 漢語(yǔ)中目前使用的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是參考借鑒西文的標(biāo)點(diǎn)體系而制定的,它既保留了西文標(biāo)點(diǎn)的主體特征,又帶有與漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)相適應(yīng)的特色。因而,中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)之間存在著一定的差異。 ⒈ 漢語(yǔ)中的某些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)為英語(yǔ)所沒(méi)有。 ⑴ 頓號(hào)(、):頓號(hào)在漢語(yǔ)中起分割句子中的并列成分的作用;英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有頓號(hào),分割句中的并列成分多用逗號(hào)。如: She slowly, carefully, deliberately moved the box. 注意:類(lèi)似的情況下,最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后可加and,這個(gè)逗號(hào)也可省略--She slowly, carefully(,) and deliberately moved the box. ⑵ 書(shū)名號(hào)(《》):英文沒(méi)有書(shū)名號(hào),書(shū)名、報(bào)刊名用斜體或者下劃線表示。如: Hamlet / Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 Winter‘s Tale / Winter‘s Tale 《冬天的童話》 The New York Times / The New York Times 《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》 另外,英語(yǔ)中文章、詩(shī)歌、樂(lè)曲、電影、繪畫(huà)等的名稱(chēng)和交通工具、航天器等的專(zhuān)有名詞也常用斜體來(lái)表示。 ⑶ 間隔號(hào)(?):漢語(yǔ)有間隔號(hào),用在月份和日期、音譯的名和姓等需要隔開(kāi)的詞語(yǔ)的正中間,如"一二?九"、"奧黛麗?赫本(人名)"等。英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有漢語(yǔ)的間隔號(hào),需要間隔時(shí)多用逗點(diǎn)。 ⑷ 著重號(hào):有時(shí)漢語(yǔ)用在文字下點(diǎn)實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)表示需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞語(yǔ),這些實(shí)心點(diǎn)就是著重號(hào)。而英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有這一符號(hào),需強(qiáng)調(diào)某些成分時(shí)可借助文字斜體、某些強(qiáng)調(diào)性詞匯、特殊句型、標(biāo)點(diǎn)停頓等多種方法。 ⒉ 英語(yǔ)中的某些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)為漢語(yǔ)所沒(méi)有。 ⑴ 撇號(hào)--Apostrophe(‘)⑵ 連字號(hào)--Hyphen(-)⑶ 斜線號(hào)—Virgule or Slash(/):該符號(hào)主要起分割作用,如It could be for staff and / or students. 也常用于標(biāo)音,如bed /bed/。 ⒊ 某些符號(hào)在漢英兩種語(yǔ)言中的形式不同。 ⑴ 中文的句號(hào)是空心圈(。)英文的句號(hào)是實(shí)心點(diǎn)(.)。 ⑵ 英文的省略號(hào)是三個(gè)點(diǎn)(...),位置在行底;中文的為六個(gè)點(diǎn)(......),居于行中。⑶ 英文的破折號(hào)是(-)中文的是(--)中國(guó)學(xué)生常見(jiàn)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤例析(1) 頓號(hào)、書(shū)名號(hào)、句號(hào)、省略號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。比較中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)可見(jiàn),英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)中沒(méi)有中文形式的頓號(hào)、書(shū)名號(hào)、句號(hào)和省略號(hào)。而這四種標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)成了大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中“借鑒頻率較高的符號(hào)。如: 〔錯(cuò)誤〕1. While she is reading《Gone With the Wind》, I am cooking!插e(cuò)誤〕2. My sister bought a lot of fruits for me , such as banana 、orange 、apple and pear. 英文中的印刷體用斜體字表示書(shū)籍、報(bào)刊、戲劇、電影、繪畫(huà)作品等的名稱(chēng),在書(shū)寫(xiě)體或打字機(jī)打的文本中用字下線表示斜體字;英文常用逗號(hào)來(lái)代替冒號(hào);而句號(hào)是用實(shí)心小黑點(diǎn)表示。故以上兩句應(yīng)改為: 〔修改〕1. While she is reading Gone With the Wind , I am cooking. (印刷體) 或While she is reading Gone With the Wind , I am cooking. (書(shū)寫(xiě)體) 〔修改〕2. My sister bought a lot of fruits for me , such as banana , orange , apple and pear. 還有,英文中的省略號(hào)其實(shí)是三個(gè)句號(hào)的并列,許多學(xué)生由于受中文影響常錯(cuò)誤地把英文省略號(hào)寫(xiě)成六點(diǎn)。 (2) 冒號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。冒號(hào)是中英文兼有的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。在漢語(yǔ)中,冒號(hào)是表示提示性話語(yǔ)之后的停頓,常用在“說(shuō)、道、講、問(wèn)、唱、回答、喊、吼”等動(dòng)詞的后邊,以標(biāo)明下面的話是誰(shuí)說(shuō)的。此用法影響下列英文句子標(biāo)點(diǎn): 〔錯(cuò)誤〕3. I thought to myself :“What kind of trap is she laying ?” 〔錯(cuò)誤〕4. He asked :“Where are you from ?” 以上兩例中的冒號(hào)在英文中需用逗點(diǎn)表示。漢語(yǔ)中的冒號(hào)還可用在“如次“如下“例如“像等引起下文的提示語(yǔ)后邊。在英文表達(dá)中,“for example”(例如) 一類(lèi)的詞后常用逗點(diǎn)代替冒號(hào)!插e(cuò)誤〕5. Good manners can be seen in everyday life. For example : a person with good manners is kind and helpful to others. 〔修改〕5. Good manners can be seen in everyday life. For example , a person with good manners is kind and helpful to others. (3) 破折號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。漢語(yǔ)中的破折號(hào)標(biāo)明行文中解釋說(shuō)明的部分,而英文同位語(yǔ)也具有同等說(shuō)明的功能,故英文寫(xiě)作中用破折號(hào)連接同位語(yǔ)成份的錯(cuò)誤也屢見(jiàn)不鮮。如: 〔錯(cuò)誤〕6. We are studying and living at the famous university — Beijing University. 〔修改〕6. We are studying and living at the famous university , Beijing University. 對(duì)于同位語(yǔ),英語(yǔ)一般使用逗點(diǎn)而不用破折號(hào)。英文中破折號(hào)的用法遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有中文的豐富。在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中,與語(yǔ)法知識(shí)有關(guān)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤主要有: (1) 把非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(non -restrictive attributive clause) 理解成限制性定語(yǔ)從句(restrictive attributive clause) 而忽略用逗點(diǎn)。如:〔錯(cuò)誤〕7. We were led into a nearest fabric shop that was divided into two parts.從句意來(lái)看,上句是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,故應(yīng)在shop 后加逗點(diǎn),把that 相應(yīng)改成which 即:〔修改〕7. We were led into a nearest fabric shop , which was divided into two parts.(2) 不論狀語(yǔ)從句在整個(gè)句子中處于何種位置,一概以逗點(diǎn)隔開(kāi)!插e(cuò)誤〕8. We will go there , if it is fine tomorrow. 狀語(yǔ)從句可置于句首或句末。置于句首時(shí),一般要用標(biāo)點(diǎn)隔開(kāi);而置于句末時(shí),則無(wú)需與主句隔開(kāi),故 以上句子應(yīng)改為: 〔修改〕8. If it is fine tomorrow , we will go there. 或We will go there if it is fine tomorrow. (3) 在疑問(wèn)句形式的陳述句后使用問(wèn)號(hào)!插e(cuò)誤〕9. What fun we girls could expect , to stay in the same class , studying for four long years with them ?I wondered. 〔修改〕9. What fun could we girls expect , to stay in the same class , studying for four long years with them , I wondered. 英語(yǔ)疑問(wèn)除可用問(wèn)號(hào)來(lái)表達(dá)外,尚可用詞序加以表達(dá)。故上例的疑問(wèn)可用逗點(diǎn)表示。(4) 誤把however ,therefore , because , thus 等起聯(lián)系作用的副詞當(dāng)成并列連詞,導(dǎo)致寫(xiě)作中的逗號(hào)粘連(comma splice) 錯(cuò)誤!插e(cuò)誤〕10. She thought what the teacher pointed out was right , however , she didn’t care for that . 兩個(gè)完整的句子或兩個(gè)并列句之間不能一概用逗點(diǎn)點(diǎn)開(kāi), 可用句號(hào)、分號(hào)或在逗點(diǎn)后加并列連詞(and , but , or , for , so , nor , yet) 等方法修改。故上例可改為: 〔修改〕10. She thought what the teacher pointed out was right . However , she didn’t care for that .或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right ; however , she didn’t care for that .或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right , but she didn’t care for that . (5) 與comma splice 相映成趣的是,許多學(xué)生作文時(shí),極少考慮句子間的邏輯關(guān)系,一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)連首尾,導(dǎo)致大量熔句(fused sentence) 的堆砌。例如: 〔錯(cuò)誤〕11. Young men like blue jeans they wear them all the time. 〔修改〕11. Young men like blue jeans ; they wear them all the time. 或Young men like blue jeans. They wear them all the time. 或Young men like blue jeans , and they wear them all the time. 或Young men like blue jeans ; they wear them all the time. 或Since young men like blue jeans , they wear them all the time. (6) 兩個(gè)并列的形容詞間以and 代替逗點(diǎn)!插e(cuò)誤〕12. Through the window , in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the small clearing where I spent my lonely and hard childhood. 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)表達(dá)一般在兩個(gè)形容詞中間不使用and , 而是用逗點(diǎn)分隔!残薷摹12. Through the window , in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the small clearing where I spent my lonely , hard childhood因語(yǔ)體錯(cuò)位而造成的標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤。英文寫(xiě)作是一種書(shū)面語(yǔ)的輸出。其書(shū)面語(yǔ)體的特征要求其與口頭語(yǔ)相區(qū)別?谡Z(yǔ)中存在的大量縮約(contraction) 在書(shū)面語(yǔ)體中應(yīng)盡量避免。而許多學(xué)生在書(shū)面作文中大量使用省字號(hào)(’),幾乎1/ 3 左右的作文在文體上存在漏洞,現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展對(duì)此卻難以容忍。如: 1. I’d like to share my joys with you. ( I would like to) 2. .you can’t behave like that . (you cannot) 3. .there’re so many splendid toys for me to select . (there are) 其他錯(cuò)誤:(1) 引號(hào)錯(cuò)誤!插e(cuò)誤〕13.“No pain , no gain. ”If you . 〔修改〕13. As the saying goes ,“No pain , no gain. ” 英文中短小的引語(yǔ)與作者提示“某某說(shuō)之類(lèi)的詞語(yǔ)之間用逗點(diǎn)隔開(kāi),置于引號(hào)內(nèi)。不能省略提示語(yǔ)“某某說(shuō)之類(lèi)而直接引用!插e(cuò)誤〕14. Glancing through the essay entitled“Why Not More ? ”, Dr. Jefferson frowned thoughtfully. 〔修改〕14. Glancing through the essay entitled“Why Not More ?,”Dr. Jefferson frowned thoughtfully. 許多學(xué)生對(duì)諸如上例引號(hào)邊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)位置含糊,不清楚以下常用法:句號(hào)和逗號(hào)必須置于引號(hào)之內(nèi);冒號(hào)和分號(hào)必須置于引號(hào)之外;如果所引內(nèi)容本身是疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句,問(wèn)號(hào)和感嘆號(hào)一般放在引號(hào)之內(nèi),否則,問(wèn)號(hào)和感嘆號(hào)則放在引號(hào)之外。(2) 日-月-年次序的日期中的逗號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。英語(yǔ)日期的表達(dá)可以用月-日-年的次序和日-月-年的次序,日和年之間加逗號(hào)而月和年之間習(xí)慣上不加逗號(hào)。例如: 誤把“13 August 2002”寫(xiě)成“13 August , 2002”。(3) 在部分副詞如perhaps , so 后加逗號(hào)。如:〔錯(cuò)誤〕16. Perhaps , I would not have such a good chance again.〔錯(cuò)誤〕17. So , they keep in touch with each other merely by writing letters and phoning now.以上兩句的修改方法是把句中的逗號(hào)去掉。(4) 連接號(hào)(hyphen) 錯(cuò)誤。許多英語(yǔ)習(xí)作者往往隨意用連接號(hào)派生單詞,如把“boyfriend”寫(xiě)成“boy -friend”;“middle school”寫(xiě)成“middle -school”。在行末單詞分行時(shí),連接號(hào)使用錯(cuò)誤更多。與之相反,若把本應(yīng)有的連接號(hào)粗心刪去,其單詞含義可能會(huì)大相徑庭。如有一年美國(guó)政府在一份貿(mào)易清單上列舉了一些免稅進(jìn)口的物品,其中有一種是foreign fruit —plants(外國(guó)果樹(shù)苗),后來(lái)由于打字員的疏忽,漏打連接號(hào)使其成了foreign fruit , plants(外國(guó)水果、樹(shù)苗),結(jié)果導(dǎo)致第二年大量的水果如桔子、葡萄等從世界各地免稅涌入美國(guó)市場(chǎng)從而使美國(guó)政府當(dāng)年損失約200 多萬(wàn)美元。應(yīng)用逗號(hào)而沒(méi)用,造成語(yǔ)義的表達(dá)不清。Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange and black ties. 使人看了以后不知是發(fā)5 摞(1 摞= 12 打) —紅、綠、藍(lán)、橙、黑各一摞— 領(lǐng)帶,還是發(fā)4 摞—紅、綠、藍(lán)、橙黑各一摞領(lǐng)帶。這句話可改為: ①Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange ,and black ties. ②Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange-and-black ties. 該用分號(hào)的地方用了逗點(diǎn), 不該用標(biāo)點(diǎn)的地方也用了逗點(diǎn),都導(dǎo)致了句子的錯(cuò)誤。①People make history , unusual people make history interesting. 此句逗點(diǎn)應(yīng)改為分號(hào), 這是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句。②Mary was happiest when she was free of her parents’ scrutiny , or while she was working in her garden. 此句的并列連詞是連接的成對(duì)的從句,而不是獨(dú)立分句,連詞前面的逗號(hào)應(yīng)去掉。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用是約定俗成的, 初學(xué)寫(xiě)作的人只有牢記它的使用規(guī)則, 才能寫(xiě)出規(guī)范的文章來(lái)。【英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用 -文秘文書(shū)】相關(guān)文章:
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