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高考英語二輪語法專講教案 第3講:定語從句

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高考英語二輪語法專講精品教案 第3講:定語從句

高考英語二輪語法專講精品教案 第3講:定語從句  來源:中學(xué)學(xué)科網(wǎng)      用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分)而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。 一.詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1. 關(guān)系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞   例1:This is the detective who came from London.   例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.   例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old.   例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. 2.關(guān)系代詞的用法   (1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞,關(guān)系代詞一般只用that,不用which。例如:   All the people that are present burst into tears.   (2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾,關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which, who,或whom。例如:   (3) 非限制性定語從句中,不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如:   There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.   (4) which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語,也可以作賓語或表語,多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似,并可以指人。例如:   He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.   (5) that可指人或物,在從句中作表語,(指人作主語時多用who)僅用于限制性定語從句中。   (6) which可作表語,既可指人,以可指物。指人時,一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有種特征.品性或才能的人。Which引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。   (7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體,關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員,則用who。   (8) 先行詞有兩個,一個指人,一個指物,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。例如:   The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.   (9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom,不用 which。例如:   Is there anyone here who will go with you? 3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞“是一個普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu)   (1) “介詞+關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。“介詞+關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。   (2) from where為“介詞+關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu),但也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如:    We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..   (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞,在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如:    This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 二.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句   1.關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句   關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時間.地點或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語,where 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語,why充當(dāng)原因狀語。   2. that可引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間.地點或原因   That有時可以代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where 或者why引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間.地點或原因,在 that引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句中,that也可以省去。 三.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句   1.二者差異比較   限制定語從句緊跟先行詞,同先行詞這間一般不加逗號,僅修飾先行詞,可以由關(guān)系代詞.關(guān)系副詞或that來引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明,用逗號與主句隔開,既可修飾先行詞,又可修飾整個主句,不可用that引導(dǎo)。   2.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù)   (1) 弄清代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞,作主語.賓語或表語的可選用關(guān)系代詞。   3. 先行詞與定語從句隔離   定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后,但定語從句與先行詞之間有時也會插入別的成分,構(gòu)成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如:   1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..   2) He was the only person in this country who was invited 四.As在定語從句中的用法   1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 。ǎ保゛s多與such 或the same連用,可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。   (2)as 也可單獨使用,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,作用相當(dāng)于which。例如: The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.   (3)the same… that與 the same …as在意思上是不同的。   2.As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置   as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活,可以位于主句前面.中間或后面,一般用逗號與主句隔開,但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如:   (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.   (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone. 五.學(xué)習(xí)定語從句的幾個問題   定語從句又稱為關(guān)系從句,是最常見的從句之一,每年高考題對之均有考查。 (一)、定語從句中關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的一致性   定語從句中關(guān)系代詞一般應(yīng)與它所指代的先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)保持主謂一致。例如:   The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School.   但注意下列一組句子:   He is the only one of the students who was here just now.   He is one of the students who were here just now.   如果one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞后跟有定語從句,一般情況下one of后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞為先行詞,但當(dāng)one前有the only,the very,just the修飾時,先行詞則為one。 (二)、定語從句與強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)   It is the place where they lived before.   It is in the place that they lived before.   第一個句子為定語從句,where指代the place,在定語從句中作狀語,第二個句子為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu),強調(diào)in the place,that沒有意義,把in the place 放回后面句子,句子意思完整。   Where is it that he found the lost watch?(強調(diào)句型,強調(diào)疑問副詞where)。   Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定語從句,that指代the watch) (三)、定語從句與并列結(jié)構(gòu)   He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him.   He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him.   Ive got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai.   第一個句子為定語從句,關(guān)系代詞whom指代two sons,在定語從名中介詞of的賓語。第二個句子為并列結(jié)構(gòu),由并列連詞and連接,人稱代詞them指代two sons。第三個為兩個獨立的句子,兩個句子中間用句號,兩句開頭的處一個字母都大寫。 (四)、定語從句與狀語從句   He found the books where he had put.   He found the books in the place where he had put.   第一個句子為狀語從句,where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地點狀語。第二個句子為定語從句,where引導(dǎo)從句修飾the place。   This is such an interesting book that Idlike to read it.   This is such an interesting book as Id like to read.   第一個句子為結(jié)果狀語從句,在結(jié)果狀語從句中,it指代book,作read的賓語。第二個句子為定語從句,關(guān)系代詞as指代先行詞book的定語從句中read的賓語。 (五)、定語從句中的先行詞   Is this book the one that you bought yesterday?   Is this the book that you bought yesterday?   第一個句子中,this book是主句的主語,the one 是先行詞。在第二個句子中this是主句的主語,the book是先行詞。一定要避免出現(xiàn):Is this book that you bought yesterday? (六)、定語從句與同位語從句   定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞,它對先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用,而同位語從句則相當(dāng)于名詞,它對其前面的詞給予說明或作進(jìn)一步解釋,即說明該詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。例如:   The news that we heard is not true.(定語從句)   The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位語從句)   另:在have no idea+從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,其從句都作idea的同位語。例如:   I have no idea when she will be back. 六、定語從句易犯小錯誤  由于定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜,初學(xué)者在使用時往往容易犯一些錯誤,最常見的有如下七種:   (一)、在定語從句中加了多余的定語。如:    1.誤:Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come.   正:Some of the boys I invited didn’t come.   譯:我邀請的男孩中有幾個沒有來。   析:應(yīng)刪去them,因為從句的賓語是省略了的whom,who或that。   2.誤:The book that you need it is in the library.   正:The book that you need is in the library.   譯:你需要的書在圖書館里。   析:應(yīng)刪去it,因為從句的賓語是關(guān)系代詞that。   (二)、把定語從句謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)弄錯。如:   1.誤:Anyone who break the law will be punished.   正:Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.   譯:任何違犯法律的人將被處罰。   析:應(yīng)改break為breaks,因為who指anyone,是單數(shù)。   2.誤:Those who has finished may go home.   正:Those who have finished may go home.   譯:做完了的人現(xiàn)在可以回家。   析:應(yīng)改has為have,因為who指those,是復(fù)數(shù)。   3.誤:He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school.   正:He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.   譯:他是我們學(xué)校中唯一懂法語的人。   析:應(yīng)改k

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