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英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用
英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用句點(diǎn)(Full Stop / Period,“.”) 問(wèn)號(hào)(Question Mark,“?”) 感嘆號(hào)(Exclamation Mark,“!”) 逗點(diǎn)(Comma,“,”) 冒號(hào)(Colon,“:”) 分號(hào)(Semicolon,“;”) 連字符(Hyphen,“-”) 連接號(hào)(En Dash,“–”) 破折號(hào)(Em Dash,“—”) 括號(hào)(Parentheses,小括號(hào)“( )”;中括號(hào)“[]”;大括號(hào)“{}”) 引號(hào)(Quotation Marks,雙引號(hào)“"”;單引號(hào)“‘”) 縮寫(xiě)及所有格符號(hào)(Apostrophe,“‘”)一、.句點(diǎn)1.句點(diǎn)用于當(dāng)一句話完全結(jié)束時(shí)。 2.句點(diǎn)也可以用于英文單詞的縮寫(xiě),如 Mrs., Dr., P.S. 等。但要注意的是當(dāng)縮寫(xiě)的字母形成了一個(gè)單詞的時(shí)候就不要使用句點(diǎn)。如 IBM, DNA 等。二、?問(wèn)號(hào)問(wèn)號(hào)要用在一個(gè)直接的問(wèn)句,而不是間接的。如 How will you solve the problem? 是正確的用法,但用在 I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不對(duì)了,應(yīng)該使用句點(diǎn)而不是問(wèn)號(hào)。另外,在客氣的用語(yǔ)中,也是用句點(diǎn)而不是問(wèn)號(hào).如 Will you please give me a call tomorrow. 三、! 感嘆號(hào)感嘆號(hào)用于感嘆和驚嘆的陳述中,在商業(yè)寫(xiě)作中要注意感嘆號(hào)的應(yīng)用,因?yàn)椴磺‘?dāng)?shù)氖褂脮?huì)顯得突兀及不穩(wěn)重。四、;分號(hào)1.與中文一樣,分號(hào)用于分隔地位平等的獨(dú)立子句。在某些情況下,使用分號(hào)比使用句點(diǎn)更顯出子句之間的緊密聯(lián)系,另外分號(hào)也經(jīng)常與連接副詞 thus, however, therefore一起使用(放在這些詞語(yǔ)之前)。如 I realize I need exercise; however, I’ll lie down first to think about it. 2.在句子中如果已經(jīng)使用過(guò)逗點(diǎn),為了避免歧義的產(chǎn)生,就用分號(hào)來(lái)分隔相似的內(nèi)容。如 The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack Lee. 需要注意的是:一個(gè)完整的句子以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)始,以句點(diǎn)結(jié)束。寫(xiě)英文時(shí)用逗點(diǎn)代替句點(diǎn)、分號(hào)、冒號(hào)或破折號(hào)叫“逗號(hào)錯(cuò)”,這正是中國(guó)學(xué)生所要避免的。請(qǐng)比較下列例句:誤:It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.(注意:上面句子中劃?rùn)M線的部分是兩個(gè)不同的主語(yǔ),而且逗點(diǎn)前后的句子是完整的-----單獨(dú)拿出來(lái)都能代表一個(gè)完整的意思。因此,用逗號(hào)違反了英文規(guī)定,即一個(gè)句子只能有一套主干。)正:It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.誤:The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.正:The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea.五、:冒號(hào)1.冒號(hào)用于對(duì)后面內(nèi)容的介紹或解釋?zhuān)?This is her plan: go shopping. 2.冒號(hào)用于名單之前,特別是一個(gè)豎排的名單。We transferred three employees to new branches:? Tony Wang to New York City? Mike Jackson to Tokyo? Mark Foster to Paris當(dāng)名單橫排的時(shí)候,冒號(hào)要用在一個(gè)完整的句子之后,如 We need seven people: three students, three engineers, and a professor. 3.冒號(hào)用于一個(gè)正式的引用之前。如 The professor said: “It was horrible.” 4.冒號(hào)也可用于商業(yè)或正式信函的稱(chēng)謂后面,如 Dear Mr. Lee:(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,信件或演說(shuō)詞的稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)之后用冒號(hào),而在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中多用逗號(hào)。)5.冒號(hào)用于數(shù)字時(shí)間的表示,如16:45 或 4:45 p.m. 6.冒號(hào)用于主標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題之間,如 Web Directory: World and Non-U.S. Economic Data 六、,逗點(diǎn)1.逗點(diǎn)用于分隔一系列的簡(jiǎn)單內(nèi)容,如 I will go to Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen.2.逗點(diǎn)用于修飾名詞的多個(gè)形容詞之間,如 a small, fancy bike 3.逗點(diǎn)用于連接兩個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的獨(dú)立子句,而且每個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)不同,如 The Grizzlies were out of timeouts, and Miller missed a desperation 3-pointer as time expired. 4.逗點(diǎn)用于關(guān)聯(lián)的子句之間,如 Since he’s your younger brother, please take care of him. 5.逗點(diǎn)用于一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的修飾短語(yǔ)之后,如 In the middle of the coldest winter on record, the pipes froze. 6.逗點(diǎn)用于直接引用的句子之前,如 Mary said, “Let’s go fishing.”(注意:這里說(shuō)的和上面提及的冒號(hào)在直接引語(yǔ)中的使用不一樣。如果是引用比較正式的發(fā)言講話就要用冒號(hào),一般情況下就用逗點(diǎn)。)如果句中含有間接引用就不需要逗點(diǎn),如 Mary said we should go fishing. 在反問(wèn)句之前要使用逗點(diǎn),如 :He worked very hard, didn’t he?以上是比較常用的標(biāo)點(diǎn),下面列出一些次常用的標(biāo)點(diǎn):七、連字號(hào)Hyphen( -) 1.連字號(hào)主要用于某些前綴(如: self-,ex-和all-) 后和構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如: ex-husband(前夫),brand-new(全新的),poorly-dressed(衣著破爛的)I have forty-thousand or fifty-thousand dollars. I want to obtain the whole-year or half-year lease of the apartment. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上復(fù)合詞并用, 而各復(fù)合詞連字號(hào)后的部分相同時(shí), 各復(fù)合詞的相同部分只出現(xiàn)一次,應(yīng)改為the whole-or half-year lease. 2.用于區(qū)分同一詞源3. 當(dāng)某復(fù)合詞中出現(xiàn)重復(fù)的字母或過(guò)多的元音, 使閱讀困難時(shí), 可用連字號(hào)把前綴和詞根分開(kāi)。non-nuclear, re-use, semi-independent 4. 構(gòu)成某些復(fù)合數(shù)字(在英文寫(xiě)作中,100以下的數(shù)字應(yīng)該用英文單詞寫(xiě)出來(lái),不可用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字代替)twenty-one during the years 1949-1999 有時(shí), 用作名詞的分?jǐn)?shù)可以不用連字號(hào), 但所有用作形容詞的分詞均須加連字號(hào)。如: one fourth [ 也可one-fourth ] of those surveyed 5.用于一個(gè)詞的一部分要移行, 一般按音節(jié)間斷開(kāi)單詞加連字號(hào)(例如:ha-ppy,不可斷為hap-py……),或根據(jù)發(fā)音,不要把單個(gè)字母留在行尾或行首。注意一頁(yè)中最后一個(gè)單詞不能使用連字號(hào)將其置于兩頁(yè)。八、圓括弧Parenthesis( ( ) ) 1.標(biāo)出表順序的數(shù)字和字母(如: (1) 、(2) 等) 2.用來(lái)表示其中插入的或附加的解釋成分。這個(gè)插入成分可以是單詞、詞組或句子.但要注意,括號(hào)會(huì)削弱強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,因此,如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)插入的句子成份,則要用破折號(hào)。They might take a walk together(remember feet) and see the neighborhood with fresh , new eyes. 九、引號(hào)Quotation Marks(“”‘’) 引號(hào)分單引號(hào)(single quotation marks) 和雙引號(hào)(double quotation marks) 。單引號(hào)只用在一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)中所含有的另一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)上。1. 表示直接引語(yǔ)。當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)超過(guò)四行或多于40 個(gè)字詞時(shí), 一般不用引號(hào)而改用黑體字以便與文章的其它部分界線清晰“Well, ”the foreigner said to him ,“ you look like an engineer. ”句號(hào)和逗號(hào)必須置于引號(hào)(雙引號(hào)和單引號(hào)) 之內(nèi)。He told the gunman ,“I refuse to do that ”;his knees , however , were shaking even as he said those words. She called this schedule of activities her “l(fā)oad ”:work , study , exercise , recreation , and sleep. 冒號(hào)與分號(hào)必置于引號(hào)外。The teacher asked , “Could you understand me”? Did the teacher ask ,“Have they gone”?Did the teacher ask ,“They have gone ?” The frightened girl screamed ,“Help”! The fellow only said ,“Sorry !” He interrupted me , “Now , listen”——and went on saying. 問(wèn)號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)和破折號(hào)有時(shí)置于引號(hào)之內(nèi), 有時(shí)置于外號(hào)之外。如果所引內(nèi)容本身是疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句或帶有破折號(hào), 問(wèn)號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)或破折號(hào)一般放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)。否則,放在引號(hào)之外。2. 標(biāo)明短篇出版物的標(biāo)題, 諸如雜志、報(bào)紙上的文章、短詩(shī)、短篇故事和整部書(shū)的某一章節(jié)。Have you read“The Old Man and the Sea”? Chapter three is entitled“The Internet . ” 3.表示所用的詞語(yǔ)具有特殊意義。另外,當(dāng)俚語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在較正式的文章中, 也用引號(hào)引起來(lái), 以表示文風(fēng)的有意轉(zhuǎn)變。The report contained the“facts”of the case. The speaker owns a“fat farm”in California , which slims down rich overeaters for $2 , 500 a week. 4. 用于表示引起讀者注意的詞語(yǔ), 或讀者不熟悉的特殊詞語(yǔ)。It is customary to say“Youpre welcome” whenever anyone says“Thank you. ” “SOS”is a message for help from a ship or aircraft when in danger. 十、省略號(hào)Ell ipsis(...) 此省略號(hào)無(wú)論出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、還是句尾,都是表示單詞的省略。1. 表示直接引語(yǔ)中的省略Max wrote ,“...in one word ,manps consciousness , changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence....” 句后的省略號(hào)和句號(hào)的寫(xiě)法應(yīng)是在一條直線上的四個(gè)黑點(diǎn)。前三個(gè)黑點(diǎn)表示省略號(hào),后一個(gè)黑點(diǎn)表句號(hào)。2. 表示說(shuō)話中的猶豫或遲疑“If that the way you think...just go back to school ,”he said. 3. 表示段落或整行詞句的省略, 須使用一整行黑點(diǎn)。十一、撇號(hào)或省字號(hào)Apostrophe(’)1.構(gòu)成名詞所有格rest my son’ sa moment’s books A three weeks’pay 2.表示詞、字母、數(shù)碼、符號(hào)等的復(fù)數(shù)形式Don’t use so many ands in the sentence. How many 5s have you got? 這與一般單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不同, 正規(guī)的寫(xiě)法須在s 前加“ ’ ”, 要牢記規(guī)則。3.除表動(dòng)詞的緊縮形式外, 還表一個(gè)或幾個(gè)字母和數(shù)字的省略。I’ve got it. “Yes ,ma’ am ,”the waiter said. 注意:有相當(dāng)大一部分省略詞是口語(yǔ)中的用法,不宜出現(xiàn)在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。例如:I’d like to(在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中要寫(xiě)作I would like to)十二、 字底線Underline( ) 和斜體Italics 斜體是英語(yǔ)的一種獨(dú)特的書(shū)寫(xiě)手段, 但具有標(biāo)點(diǎn)的作用,它和字底線的作用完全一樣。1. 用于火車(chē)、飛機(jī)、輪船、太空船的名稱(chēng)之下Challenger (飛機(jī)) Apollo Nine(太空船) 2. 用于具有一定厚度的書(shū)籍、【英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用】相關(guān)文章:
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