高一英語第八單元Food Around The World (世界上的食物)

科目 英語

年級(jí) 高一

文件 hihg1 unit8.8.doc

標(biāo)題 Mainly Revision (階段復(fù)習(xí))

Food Around The World (世界上的食物)

章節(jié) 第八單元

關(guān)鍵詞

內(nèi)容

Unit 8 Mainly evision (階段復(fù)習(xí))

Food Around The World (世界上的食物)

一、教法建議

【拋磚引玉】

本單元同學(xué)們要學(xué)習(xí)如何用英語表達(dá)各種各樣的食物名稱以及有關(guān)“就餐”的日常用語。通過課文閱讀“Food Around the World”，了解玉米這種植物是如何傳到中國的。中國的許多果子又是如何被引進(jìn)到世界的其它國度的。下面是一篇有關(guān)玉米 （corn）的趣味短文，請(qǐng)你閱讀后看看玉米都有那些妙用。

Corn is the American name for maize . America is the biggest producer of corn in the world .

“Sweet corn”is the sweetest corn . Many people like to eat sweet corn on on the cob . Popcorn is a highly popular snack food in America . It is sold at the entrance of every cinema .

There are two expressions that include the word “corn”. A selfish person has little sense of shame about his selfishness as he thinks other people are selfish , too . We call this “measuring another\'s corn by one\'s own bushel ”.

An honest person admits the corn frankly if he loses in a game or debate . We think this is a gentlemanly way of talking one\'s own defeat . (corn 是美語對(duì)玉米的叫法。美國是世界上最大的生產(chǎn)國�！疤鹩衩住笔亲钐鸬挠衩�。許多人喜歡吃甜玉米棒子。爆玉米花在美國是很受歡迎的零食。每家電影院的入口處都能買到它。有兩個(gè)包含 corn 字的習(xí)語。自私的人對(duì)自己的自私心缺乏羞愧感，因?yàn)樗�認(rèn)為別人也是自私的。我們就把這個(gè)叫做“以自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量他人，即以己度人。一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人，如果比賽或者辯論失敗，就坦誠地認(rèn)輸。我們認(rèn)為，這樣接受失敗是有風(fēng)度的�！�)

另外，我們?cè)诒締卧�向大家提供一篇難得的快速提高高考聽力技巧的文章和一篇新教材中的習(xí)語分類欣賞（上）的文章，相信它們一定會(huì)讓你大飽眼福。

【指點(diǎn)迷津】

A. 大綱規(guī)定的單元日常核心交際用語指南

就餐套語 50 句

● Finding a table for dinner (找餐桌)

1. Can we take that table over there ? 我們可以坐那邊的那張桌子嗎 ？

2. Have you got a table for four ? 你們有供四人用餐的桌子嗎？

3. I prefer the one in that quiet corner . 我喜歡在那安靜角落里的那張桌子 。

4. Is the table free , waiter ? 服務(wù)員，這張桌子空著嗎 ？

5. No , this table is too close to the door . I don\'t like it .

6. This one is good . Let\'s take it . 這張桌子不錯(cuò)。我們坐這兒吧。

● Seating the diner (給就餐者安排座位)

1. Could you follow me , please ? 請(qǐng)隨我來。

2. Here is your table . Is itall right ? 這兒是您的桌子。行嗎 ？

3. I\'m afraid there\'s no other places free at the moment . 目前恐怕沒有別的空位了。

4. I\'m sorry , sir , the one by the window has been booked by telephone . Would you like to sit over there near the door ?

5. There\'s a table for four over there . Would you like it ?

● Asking if the diner is ready to order (詢問就餐者是否準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)菜了)

1. Would you like to order now , sir ? 現(xiàn)在您想點(diǎn)菜嗎，先生 ？

2. Have you decided what you\'d like ? 您決定吃什么菜了嗎 ？

3. Are you ready to order , sir ? 您準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)菜了嗎 ，先生 ？

4. Can I take your order now ? 現(xiàn)在我可以請(qǐng)您點(diǎn)菜了嗎 ？

5. Have you chosen something ? 您選好菜了嗎 ？

● Asking what the diner would like to have (詢問就餐者想吃什么)

1. And what to follow ?接下來要上什么 ？

2. What soup would you prefer ? And what kind of fish do you like ?

3. What would you like to start / begin with ? 您想開始先點(diǎn)些什么 ？

4. Would you care for a drink before you order , sir ? 點(diǎn)菜以前您想喝點(diǎn)飲料嗎 ？

5. What dishes would you like ? 您要什么菜 ？

● Finding out what the restaurant has today (了解餐館今天有什么菜肴)

1. Could we have a look at the menu first , please ? 我們先看看菜單好嗎 ？

2. What do you have today for breakfast ? 今天早餐你們供應(yīng)什么 ？

3. What\'s special for tonight ? 今晚有什么特色菜 ？

4. What else have you got on the menu ? 你們菜單上還有什么別的嗎 ？

5. What kind of seafood do you have ? 你們有哪些海味 ？

● Ordering a meal (點(diǎn)菜)

1. Get me some chicken salad , please . 請(qǐng)給我來點(diǎn)雞肉色拉 。

2. Bring me two beers , please . 請(qǐng)來兩杯啤酒。

3. Anything is all right with me . I will order the same .

4. I think I\'ll have soup to start with .

5. It sounds good . I\'d like to try the chicken .

● Asking how the diner would like something (詢問就餐者對(duì)菜肴有什么要求)

1. Do you like your tea strong or weak ? 您喜歡茶濃點(diǎn)還是淡點(diǎn) ？

2. How would you like them prepared ? 你喜歡菜怎么做 ？

3. Would you like it rare , medium , or well-done ? 您喜歡做得嫩一點(diǎn)，中等程度還是老一點(diǎn) ？

4. You want it now or after dinner ?

5. How would you like it done ?

● Expressing hospitality (表示殷勤款待)

1. Have some and I\'m sure you\'ll like it .

2. Help yourself to anything you like .

3. Do have some more , there\'s plenty left . 再吃點(diǎn)吧，還有很多呢。

4. Try some of this , please . 嘗嘗這個(gè)吧。

5. Shall I make you a glass of beer ? 我給你倒一杯啤酒好嗎 ？

● Responding to hospitality (對(duì)殷勤款待的應(yīng)答)

1. I don\'t think I could eat another bite . 我想我一口也再吃不下去了。

2. All right , but only a small piece .

3. It\'s really delicious , but I honestly couldn\'t eat any more .

4. I\'ve had more than enough .

5. No , thanks . I don\'t drink any wine .

● Paying the bill (付帳)

1. Can I have the bill , please ? 請(qǐng)把帳單給我好嗎 ？

2. It\'s my treat this time . I\'ll pay . 這次我請(qǐng)客。我來付。

3. Let\'s go Dutch this time . 這次我們各付各的。

4. Waiter ! The bill / check , please .

5. Let me pay this time . You can pay next time .

B. 單元重點(diǎn)新詞透視

1. coffee 咖啡

Which do you like better , tea or coffee ?

How about a cup of coffee ?

測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：

(1) coffee 是不可數(shù)名詞，通過量詞可以具體化。如：She made me a cup of coffee . 她給我沏了一杯咖啡。white coffee 加牛奶的咖啡。black coffee 不加牛奶的咖啡。

(2) 目前在口語中直接在coffee后加 -s 表示幾杯幾杯咖啡。如：Waiter , two coffees , please . 服務(wù)員，來兩杯咖啡。

2. offer 作動(dòng)詞和名詞“提供，提出，奉獻(xiàn)，貢獻(xiàn)，出價(jià)”

It\'s very kind of you to offer me so much help . 你真好，給我提供了這么多的幫助。

offer sb 100 yuan for the bike 愿以 100 元把這輛自行車買給某人

make an offer of support 表示愿意支持

測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：offer to do （主動(dòng)）提出干……

Each of them offered to be a guide for the blind man .

Finding I was poor at English , Monitor Wang offered to help me with my English .

3. prepare 準(zhǔn)備，籌備，調(diào)制，配制

They have found a way to prepare them in the form of small tablets . 他們想出辦法把它們制成小小的藥片。

Mother is busy in preparing a meal for the family . 母親正為全家人準(zhǔn)備飯。

測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：

(1) be well prepared for =be well prepared to do 為……做好充分的準(zhǔn)備

(2) prepare sb to do =prepare sb for sth 讓某人做好……的準(zhǔn)備

(3) prepare for 為……做好準(zhǔn)備(for 的賓語不一定是準(zhǔn)備這一動(dòng)作的直接承受者)。prepare sth準(zhǔn)備……（賓語必須是這一動(dòng)作的承受者）

The students are preparing their lessons .

The teachers are preparing lessons .

He told them to prepare for the operation at once .

(4) get ready for =get ready to do 準(zhǔn)備…… （強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）

They are preparing a party . 他們正在準(zhǔn)備宴會(huì)。

They have got ready for the party . 他們已經(jīng)為宴會(huì)做好了準(zhǔn)備。

(5) 我們準(zhǔn)備在下星期一開個(gè)會(huì)。

( 誤 )We prepare to have a meeting next Monday .

（對(duì)）We plan to (are going to) have a meeting next Monday .

4. room 空間，地方

This desk takes up too much room . 這張桌子太占地方了。

測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：

room 做“空間，地方”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。

I haven\'t much room to move here .

There\'s room for three more . 還有三個(gè)人的位置。

特別注意詞組 make room for “為……騰出地方；給……讓出時(shí)間”。

Would you kindly make room for my friend here ?

More room will have to be made on the programme for these performers . 節(jié)目單上一定要給這些演員多留出一些時(shí)間。

C. 單元重點(diǎn)詞組掃瞄

Lesson 29

1. No , thanks . I\'ve had enough . 謝謝，我已經(jīng)吃飽了。

2. I\'m full , thank you . 謝謝，我吃飽了。

3. take turns to do =take turns + -ing 輪流干……

The three men took turns driving so one would not be so tired .

測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：用介詞短語表達(dá)“輪流”是“in turn =by turns”

4. help oneself to + 食物、香煙等“自用……”

I can help myself , thanks . 我可以自己來，謝謝。

Would you like one ? Help yourself . 你想要一個(gè)嗎 ？自己動(dòng)手吧。

測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：help sb to 幫某人再弄寫菜或倒點(diǎn)酒

Boys , help yourselves to more chicken and fish .

Ton , help yourself to a cigarette .

Manager Zhang , may I help you to some more meat ?

Lesson 30

1. make A into B 把 ……制成……

Cotton can be made into cloth . 棉花可以被制成布。

They are making the old kitchen into a little bedroom .

The grapes are made into wine .

2. by 1555 =by the year 1555截止到 1555年

3. become crowded (with) 擠滿了……

The hall became crowded with villagers .

4. in many different ways 以很多不同的方法

測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：對(duì)比名詞與介詞的不同， by this means “用這種方法”，with this method “用這種方法”，( in ) this way “用這種方法”。

5. in the beginning 起初

In the beginning , you will find it very difficult .

In the beginning he wasn\'t very interested in school , but as time went by he began to enjoy it .

對(duì)比：at the beghinning (of)在……開始時(shí)

At the beginning of the summer , we are going to Dalian .

6. from one country to another 從一個(gè)國家到另一個(gè)國家

7. than ever before 比以前任何時(shí)候都比較

She now looks much older than ever before .

Because we have airplanes , we can travel from one place to another faster than ever before .

D. 單元語法學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

本單元要求復(fù)習(xí) unit 1 —— 7 中出現(xiàn)過的主要語法，如：定語從句、被動(dòng)語態(tài)和動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)。

●“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”中介詞的選用

在學(xué)習(xí)定語從句時(shí)，“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，難在何處？感到茫然的同學(xué)主要是不知道該選用什么介詞。而介詞的選用是有一定規(guī)律的，只要掌握了這些規(guī)律性的東西，解題就可迎刃而解，舉一反三了。

⒈ 看介詞與定語從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞是否有搭配關(guān)系。如：

She paid the man from whom she had borrowed some money . ( =She paid the man . She had borrowed some money from him . )（注意：borrow sth . from sb . 這一搭配關(guān)系）

In the dark street , there wasn\'t a single person to whom she could turn for help (NMET 92)（注意：turn to sb . for help 這一搭配關(guān)系）

⒉ 看介詞與定語從句的先行詞是否有搭配關(guān)系。如：

The dog died because there was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth .

此句相當(dāng)于：The dog died . There was no way it could be brought back to earth . （注意：in the way , in this / that way 這一搭配關(guān)系）又如：

He will never forget the day on which he joined the Party .（介詞 on 與先行詞 day 的搭配關(guān)系）

⒊ 看介詞與定語從句中的形容詞是否有搭配關(guān)系。如：

China is a large country with a long history of which we are greatly proud .（注意：be / feel proud of 這一習(xí)慣搭配）

The two things of which they felt very proud were Jim\'s gold watch and Della\'s hair .（1998年上海高考試題）

⒋ 若表示“所有關(guān)系”或“整體中的一部分”，則用介詞 of 。如：

I live in this room , the window of which faces south . ( =I live in this room , whose window faces south . )（表示“所有關(guān)系”）

There are over 3,000 workers in that factory , eighty-five percent of whom are women . ( =There are … , and eighty-five percent of them are women . 表示“整體中的一部分”）

China has hundreds of islands , the largest of which is Taiwan . （表示“整體中的一部分”）

● 定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞活用例析

定語從句是中學(xué)英語課本中比較復(fù)雜的一個(gè)語法項(xiàng)目，有些學(xué)生對(duì)怎樣選擇關(guān)聯(lián)詞不甚清楚，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤�，F(xiàn)略舉幾例加以分析說明。先比較下面例句。

1 . I\'ll never forget the summer holidays (which / that) I spent on the seashore .

我決不會(huì)忘記在海濱度過的那個(gè)暑假。

2 . I\'ll never forget the summer holidays when I worked by the seaside .

我決不會(huì)忘記在海邊工作的那個(gè)暑假。

3 . He is going to work on the island which / that needs him most .

他打算到最需要他的那座島上去工作。

4 . He is going to work on the island where he is most needed .

他打算到那座島上去工作，那里最需要他。

分析：在例1句子中，關(guān)聯(lián)詞 which / that 在從句中作及動(dòng)動(dòng)詞 spent 的賓語，可省略；在例2句中，關(guān)聯(lián)詞 when 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語；在例3中，關(guān)聯(lián)詞 which\'that 在從句中作主語，不能省略；在例4句子中，關(guān)聯(lián)詞 where 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。

結(jié)論：定語從句的重點(diǎn)是如何選擇關(guān)聯(lián)詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)。若關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中作狀語，就應(yīng)使用關(guān)系副詞；否則就應(yīng)使用關(guān)系代記號(hào)。關(guān)系副詞 when , where , why 的使用，并不決定于其先行詞是表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的詞，而是取決于關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中充當(dāng)哪種語法成分。只有當(dāng)關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因狀語時(shí)，才能分別使用關(guān)系副詞 when , where , why 或者用 in / at / on which 代替 when , 用 in / at which 代替 where , 用 for which 代替 why；若關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中作主語、賓語，則應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 which 或 that。

練習(xí)：從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。

1 . I still remember the day ____ I first came to the college .

A . on which B . in which C . at which D . which

2 . They wll never forget the day ____ they got married .

A . that B . which C . in which D . when

3 . He makes good use of the time ____ he can spare .

A . when B . that C . in that D . in which

4 . The factory ____ his mother works is in the east of the city .

A . that B . which C . on which D . where

5 . The place ____ interested me most was the Children\'s Palace .

A . which B . where C . what D . in which

6 . That is the reason ____he wasn\'t here yesterday .

A . why B . which C . on which D . in which

7 . That is the reason ____ he can\'t say .

A . why B . that C . what D . in which

答案與解析：

1 . A on which 可用 when 代替，在定語從句中起時(shí)間狀語的作用。 2 . D 關(guān)系副詞 when 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，可用 on which 代替。 3 . B 關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語從中作及物動(dòng)詞 spare 的賓語，可用 which，也可省略。 4 . D 關(guān)系副詞 where 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，可用 in which 代替。 5 . A 關(guān)系代詞 which 在從中作主語，可用 that 代替。 6 . A 關(guān)系副詞 why 在從中作原因狀語，可用 for which 代替。 7 . B 關(guān)系代詞 that 在從句中作及物動(dòng)詞 say 的賓語，可用 which 代替，也可省略。

● 談?wù)劚粍?dòng)語態(tài)的三種特殊情況

主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的“三步曲”是：一、將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語；二、謂語動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)形式；三、如需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；用介詞 by 引出。那么，下面的三個(gè)問題也值得我們重視。

一、不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主動(dòng)語態(tài)

1 . 賓語為抽象名詞或處所名詞。如：

She always worries about her health . 她總是擔(dān)心她的健康。

His friends left Beijing by train yesterday . 昨天他的朋友們坐火車離開了北京。

2 . 賓語為反身代詞或相互代詞。如：

They are teaching themselves English . 他們正在自學(xué)英語。

We should learn from each other . 我們應(yīng)該互相學(xué)習(xí)。

3 . 賓語為行為者身上的某部位或某器官。如：

At last he put his hands up .

4 . 賓語為表示某組織機(jī)構(gòu)的詞組。如：

His father joined the Party two years ago . 他父親兩年前入了黨。

5 . 謂語部分為一個(gè)不可分割的動(dòng)詞短語。如：

Then he made faces and jumped like a monkey . 接著他做鬼臉并象猴子一樣地跳。

二、常用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義的動(dòng)詞

英語中有一些動(dòng)詞，常和表示行為方式的狀語連用，可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示在邏輯上似乎應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示的概念。如：

This pen writes well . 這筆很好寫。

pen (筆) 怎么能自己 write (寫)呢 ? 這有點(diǎn)不合邏輯。從語法和邏輯角度看，This pen is written well . 似乎更正確。可英美人很少這樣說。他們一般都說 This pen writes well . 他們認(rèn)為這樣更簡(jiǎn)略、更自然、更合乎習(xí)慣。

1 . 這類動(dòng)詞常見的有 open , look , read , write , smell , taste , sound , cook , wash , fill 等。如：The door opens to the south . 這道門是朝南開的。

This kind of cloth washes very well . 這種布很耐洗。

This book sells well . 這書很好銷。

2 . 這類動(dòng)詞短語常見的有：take place(=happen) , break out , belong to 等。如：

Great changes have taken place in our country . 我國已發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

A fire broke out last night . 昨晚發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)火災(zāi)。

The books on the desk belong to our teacher . 桌上的書是屬于我們老師的。

三、by 短語在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的省略問題

在被動(dòng)句中有時(shí)用 by 詞組，有時(shí)不用，這是由多種因素決定的。一般說來，當(dāng)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不太清楚，不重要或難以說出時(shí)，通常不用 by 詞組。但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者或由于上下文和結(jié)構(gòu)上所需則使用 by 詞組。

1 . 下列情況下，by 短語不能省略。

①主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語是句子中的強(qiáng)調(diào)成分。如：

Even a child can answer this question . →This question can be answered even by a child .

②省去 by 短語，句子意思不完整或者含糊不清。如：

Miss Gao teaches us English . →We are taught English by Miss Gao .

③主動(dòng)語態(tài)以疑問代詞作主語的句子。如：

Who discovered America ? →Who(Whom) was America discover ?

④用英文表達(dá)漢語的“被，由，為……所……”等意思。如：

Telephone was invented by Bell .

The boy was beaten by his father .

2 . 下列情況下，by 短語可以省略

①主動(dòng)語態(tài)是“主+謂+賓+狀”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

They completed the building in 1996 . →

The building was completed in 1996 .

②主動(dòng)語態(tài)含有雙賓語。如：

He gave me some advice . →

I was given some advice .

Some advice was given (to) me .

③主動(dòng)語態(tài)中含有復(fù)合賓語。如：I saw him go downstairs . → He was seen to go downstairs .

④主動(dòng)語態(tài)中含有賓語從句。如：I believe that he will keep his word . → He is believed to keep his word . (=It is believed that he will keep his word . )

●被動(dòng)含義 主動(dòng)意義

英語中，我們多用 be +v . -ed 結(jié)構(gòu)來表示被動(dòng)含義；但有時(shí)也可用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)意義。有主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義是一種特殊的語態(tài)現(xiàn)象，常見的有：

一、在動(dòng)詞 need , want , require , bear , deserve 等后常用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被意義。例如：

① The civil quality of the whole nation needs improving . 全民族的文化素質(zhì)需要提高。

② Every truth requires testing through practice . 一切真理都需要經(jīng)受實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)。

③ The river dam wants reinforcing . 這道河堤需要加固。

④ His words won\'t bear repeating . 他的話不堪重述。

一般地，這些動(dòng)名詞都可用不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來代替。如上述第三例可改為：The river dam wants to be reinforced .

二、在 be worth doing 結(jié)構(gòu)中，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。例如：

If a thing is worth doing , it should be done well . 值得做的事就一定要做好。

三、有些及物動(dòng)詞在某些特定場(chǎng)合下，常用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。這類動(dòng)詞有 write , read , clean , lock , wear , wash , catch , work , cut , draw , start 等。例如：

This kind of cloth cleans easily . 這種布(料)易洗。

This home-made pen writes smoothly . 這支國產(chǎn)筆很好寫。

His book does not sell . 他的書沒有銷路。

Her letter read like this . 她的信是這樣寫的。

The car can\'t start . 這輛車開不動(dòng)(發(fā)動(dòng)不了)。

The recorder won\'t play . 這臺(tái)錄音機(jī)不轉(zhuǎn)了。

四、某些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞被當(dāng)作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)含有被動(dòng)意義，但不能用被動(dòng)式。這類動(dòng)詞有 look , sound , feel , taste , smell , keep , stay 等。例如：

You look pale . What\'s the matter ? 你的臉蒼白，是怎么回事 ?

His theory sounds reasonable . 你的理論聽起來很有道理。

Good medicine tastes bitter . 良藥苦口。

Food can keep fresh in a fridge . 食物在冰箱里能保鮮。

The shop stays open till 8:00 p . m . 這家商店一直要開到晚上八點(diǎn)。

五、在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，下列情況要用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義：

1 . 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語以動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的身份出現(xiàn)在句中時(shí)，例如：

Do you have anything to say for yourself before you die ? 你死前有什么話要說嗎 ?

The theory is too abstract for a child to understand . 這理論太抽象，孩子不能理解。

2 . 在“be +形容詞+ to 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：

He is hard to satisfy . 他很難滿足。

I don\'t think this so-called big movie is terribly interesting to watch . 我認(rèn)為這部所謂的巨片并不十分好看。

3 . There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，作定語的不定式多用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，但也可用被動(dòng)式，意義上一般無差別。例如：

There is no time to lose / be lost . 沒有時(shí)間可浪費(fèi)了。

但當(dāng)句中主語為 something , anything , nothing 時(shí)，作定語的不定式用主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)式其含義有區(qū)別：

There\'s nothing to do - I\'m bored . 無事可干椢頤頻沒擰?/P>

There\'s nothing to be done - I\'ll have to give it up . 沒辦法椢抑緩梅牌??/P>

4 . 在 be to blame , be to let 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式的主、被動(dòng)形式都可表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。例如：

He is not to blame . 他不該被責(zé)備。

Are the cameras to let ? 這些相機(jī)出租嗎 ?

六、在某些介詞后，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。常見介詞有 past , beyond , above 等。例如：

The question is beyond / above teenagers understanding . 這個(gè)問題還不能被十幾歲的孩子理解。

The pain was almost past bearing . 疼痛幾乎無法(被)忍受。

最后補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)。不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)式，這是我們都知道的；可是有的同學(xué)由于受漢語思維習(xí)慣的影響，常將這樣一些詞或詞組用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。最易被這樣誤用的詞(組)有 happen , last , spread , end , take place , break out 等�，F(xiàn)舉幾例，以示其正確用法：

The newly - imported foreign film lasts almost three hours . 這部進(jìn)口的外國影片幾乎要放映三個(gè)小時(shí)。

Great changes have taken place in the whole world since the end of World War Ⅱ . 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來，整個(gè)世界已發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

The news spread quickly in the town . 消息在城里迅速傳開。

二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航

【學(xué)法指要】

● 定語從句典型錯(cuò)誤例析

1. 誤：The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth .

正：The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth .

析：雖然finger 后省掉了在定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 that / which ，但是定語從句中也不能重復(fù)先行詞，故 it 多余。

2. 誤：Mary was late for the meeting again , that made the manager angry .

正：Mary was late for the meeting again , which made the manager angry .

析：逗號(hào)之后不用關(guān)系代詞 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句，而用 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句修飾前面整個(gè)句子，并在從句中作主語等。

3. 誤： The students , many of them are girls , have come back to school .

正： The students , many of whom are girls , have come back to school .

析：介詞或介詞短語后的定語從句不用關(guān)系代詞that 。若修飾人時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用 whom，修飾物時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用 which 。如：The knife with which he cut the branch is sharp .

4. 誤：Is this farm which you visited last time ?

正：Is this farm the one you visited last time ?

析：上例中 this farm 為主語而非先行詞。因此誤句缺少表語 the one ，即缺少后面定語從句的先行詞。

5. 誤：You are the only one of the girls who dance well .

正： You are the only one of the girls who dances well .

析：定語從句部分的謂語形式必須與行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。上例中先行詞 the (only)one 為單數(shù)。對(duì)比：You are one of the girls who dance well. (先行詞為 the girls )

6. 誤：I won\'t forget the time when I spent in the countryside .

正： I won\'t forget the time I spent in the countryside .

析：先行詞 the time 在從句中作動(dòng)詞 spent 的賓語，而非時(shí)間狀語。因此關(guān)系代詞which 或that 可省。

7. 誤： All what he said is true .

正： All he said is true .

析：先行詞為 all 時(shí)定語從句用 that 引導(dǎo)，且 that 作賓語時(shí)可省，此句相當(dāng)于主語從句 What he said is true . 但 what 不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。

8. 誤：Tom , for whose life had once been very hard , has started a company recently .

正：Tom , for whom life had once been very hard , has started a company recently .

析：定語從句中介詞 for 提前，life 應(yīng)是從句部分的主語。若先行詞置于從句中應(yīng)為 Life had once been very hard for Tom .

9. 誤： There are a lot of people plant trees there .

正：There are a lot of people who plant trees there .

析：主句為 There are a lot of people .先行詞 people 在定語從句中做主語，故從句部分缺少關(guān)系代詞。

10. 誤：I often go to the street which she lives .

正：I often go to the street where she lives .

析：定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞 live 是不及物動(dòng)詞，因此先行詞 street 在從句中應(yīng)作地點(diǎn)狀語而非賓語，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞 where 引導(dǎo)從句，相當(dāng)于 in which .

【妙文賞析】

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從1～25各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出一個(gè)最佳答案。

“Unless I get a rise , I\'ll have to talk with the (1) , Henry Manley , ”George Strong said to himself . George liked his job and e liked the town (2) he lived , (3) his wife kept telling him that his pay was not enough to (4) the needs of the family . That was (5) he was thinking of taking a job in Birmingham , a nearby city about 50 miles (6) . He had been offered a (7) in a factory there , and the pay was far away .

George lived in Wyeford , a medium-sized town . He (8) liked the place and didn\'t like the(9) of moving somewhere else , but if he took the job in Birmingham , he (10) move his family there .

Henry Manley was the manager of a small (11) producing electric motors . The company was (12) deep trouble because , among other reasons , the Japanese were (13) such things (14) very low prices . (15) , Manley had to (16) his own prices and profits(利潤(rùn)) as well (17) he would not get any (18) at al . Even then , orders were sill not coming in fast enough , so that there was no money for (19) for his workers . Somehow , he had to struggle along and keep his best (20) as well . He sighed (嘆息) . Just then the phone rang .

His secretary told him that George Strong wanted to see him as soon as possible . Manley (21) again . He could guess (22) it was about . Strong was a very young engineer (23) had no future (24) it could attract and keep men like him . Manley rubbed his forehead ; his problems seemed (25) .

1 . A . worker B . boss C . secretary D . engineer

2 . A . where B . how C . which D . why

3 . A . and B . so C . therefore D . but

4 . A . support B . spend C . meet D . have

5 . A . why B . how C . what D . where

6 . A . far B . faraway C . away D . far away

7 . A . car B . telephone C . house D . job

8 . A . partly B . really C . hardly D . somewhat

9 . A . fact B . idea C . suggestion D . plan

10 .A. will have to B . had to C . would have to D . have to

11 . A . store B . company C . town D . place

12 . A . at B . in C . with D . for

13. A. collecting B . buying C . seeking D . selling

14 . A . in B . with C . for D . at

15.A. As a result B . Above all C . In return D . At first

16 . A . improve B . cut C . raise D . keep

17. A . therefore B . however C . otherwise D . and so

18 . A . money B . orders C . profit D . reward

19 . A . pays B . improvement C . raises D . rise

20 . A . workers B . secretary C . machines D . products

21 . A . smiled B . sighed C . rang D . thought

22 . A . how B . that C . what D . who

23 . A . George B . Manley C . The factory D . The company

24 . A . unless B. until C . if D . even if

25 . A . over B . finished C . endless D . settled

〖答案與賞析〗1 . B 見文中第三段第一句。 2 . A where 在此引導(dǎo)定語從句，相當(dāng)于 in which 作狀語，故選 A。 3 . D 據(jù)文章意思這里表轉(zhuǎn)折。 4 . C meet ，意為“滿足”，常與 needs 搭配使用，meet the needs of 是“滿足……的需要”之意。A . support(支撐)、B . spend(花費(fèi))、D . have(擁有)都不合題意。 5 . A 這里表原因。 6 . C A、B、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的詞均不可與數(shù)字連用。 7 . D 由文意決定。8 . B 不想搬家正是因?yàn)?George 確實(shí)喜歡這個(gè)地方。 9 . B 該句是說 George 不喜歡這一想法，這里并不涉及別人的建議問題，故C不對(duì)。A、D也不合題意。 10 . C 該句是虛擬語氣，表示對(duì)將來的一種假設(shè)，故主句該用 would have to。 11 . B 下句有揭示。 12 . B in (deep) trouble 是固定搭配，意為“處于困境中”。 13 . D 這家公司的電動(dòng)機(jī)之所以不好銷是由于日本人正在以低價(jià)銷售這種產(chǎn)品的原因所致，A、B、C不合題意。 14 . D (sell) at low prices 或(sell) at a low price 為固定搭配，意為“以低價(jià)(出售)”。 15 . A 此處表結(jié)果。其它三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不符合邏輯。 16 . B 這里指“降低價(jià)格”，符合題意，A、C、D與題意不符。 17 . C therefore(因此)、however(然而)、and so(表遞進(jìn))，均不合題意，故選 otherwise “否則；要不然的話”。 18 . B 下句有提示。 19 . C 據(jù)文章的意思公司是沒錢給工人提高工資，而并非連工資都發(fā)不下來。 20 . A 要想使公司能正常維持下去，Manley 就必須設(shè)法留住最好的工人，后文提到的 George 就是一例。 21 . B 據(jù)上下文情景及 again 一詞推斷。 22 . C what 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，并指代 Strong 所想和 Manley 談話的內(nèi)容，語法上做介詞 about 的賓語，A、B 項(xiàng)均不能做 about 的賓語，D意思不對(duì)。 23 . D 留不住像 George 這樣的好工人，當(dāng)然首先是公司的前景不妙，且文章第三段第一、二句提示有 the company，故A、B、C項(xiàng)均不合題意。 24 . A unless 表?xiàng)l件，意為“除非……”，在此符合題意。 25 . C 接踵而至的問題，自然讓人感到 Manley 的麻煩似乎沒完沒了，A、B、D項(xiàng)意思正好相反，故均不合題意。

【思維體操】

下面是有關(guān)新教材中的習(xí)語，它們?cè)陂喿x中具有重要作用，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)注釋理解所給例句的漢語意思。

顏 色 類

1. be black and blue ---- be covered with bruises 渾身青紫，遍體鱗傷：

It was the first time I had ridden a horse and I was black and blue after it.

2. in black and white ---- written down 白紙寫黑字；寫下來：

Please don\'t think I mistrust you, but I would prefer to have our agreement in black and white.

3. give someone a black look ---- look angrily at sb 怒視某人：

He gave me such a black look that I decided not to mention the subject again.

4. feel blue ---- feel sad, feel miserable 憂郁的,沮喪的,煩悶的：

If you\'re feeling blue, a couple of drinks may cheer you up.

5. out of the blue ---- unexpectedly 意外的，突然地：

The news of her marriage came out of the blue.

6. have green fingers ---- be good at gardening 擅長(zhǎng)園藝：

I can\'t tell an apple tree from a pear tree, but my wife has very green fingers.

7. be green ---- inexperienced ;easily deceived 無經(jīng)驗(yàn)的,易受騙的：

He\'s still rather green, but a couple of years in the army will make him wiser.

8. be/go grey ---- be/become grey-haired 頭發(fā)變灰白：

Although still young, he is going very grey.

9. be in the pink ---- be very well in health 非常健康：

I\'m in the pink, and hope you are too.

10. be/go purple with rage ---- be/become extremely angry 氣得臉色發(fā)紫；極其生氣：

When I asked him to pay me what he owed ,he went purple with rage.

11. go red ---- blush 臉紅，害臊：

When asked to recite her poem, the girl went red and could not say a word.

12. see red ---- lose control of oneself through anger 氣得眼睛都紅了；怒不可遏：

When she sees her cat being ill treated, she sees red.

13. be in the red ---- owe money, especially to a bank 有赤字； 負(fù)有債務(wù)，虧空：

Sales began to drop and the company was soon in the red.

14. get out of the red ---- get out of debt to a bank 不再欠（銀行的）債，不再虧空：

I only need ＄1000 to get out of the red.

15. catch someone red-handed ---- catch someone in the act of committing a crime （犯罪時(shí)）當(dāng)場(chǎng)捉住，當(dāng)場(chǎng)捕獲：

The shop detective caught him red-handed as he was slipping a packet of cigarettes into his pocket.

16. be/go white ---- be/ become pale in the face with fear 嚇得臉色蒼白：

When the police arrived he went white and looked around for a way to escape.

17. as white as a sheet/ghost --- very pale in the face 臉色蒼白：

The injured man lay on the ground, as white as a sheet.

18. tell a white lie -- tell a lie which is regarded as harmless and excusable 講不懷惡意的謊言：

I didn\'t want to offend him ,so I told a white lie and said I didn\'t know.

19. be yellow ---- not brave 膽小的，卑怯的：

The serfs were too yellow to stand up and fight.

20. in a brown study ---- thinking deeply 沉思冥想：

He heard bad news this morning and he\'s been in a brown study all day.

動(dòng)物、昆蟲、鳥、魚類

1. as quiet as a mouse----very quiet ,silent 一聲不響；非常安靜：

He sat as quiet as a mouse and listened to her story.

2. as busy as a bee----very busy 非常忙碌；

Whenever she has guests for dinner ,she\'s as busy as a bee all day.

3. as brave as a lion----very brave 勇猛如獅；非常勇敢：

He may be small and not very strong ,but he\'s as brave as a lion.

4. as proud as a peacock----very proud 非常高傲：

The boy was as proud as a peacock when he showed me his new football boots.

5. a wolf in sheep\'s clothing---- a person who seems a friend but is really an enemy; a person who disguises his real intentions 披著羊皮的豺狼；偽裝友善的敵人：

Don\'t listen to his soft words; he\'s a wolf in sheep\'s clothing.

6. smell a rat ---- suspect that something is wrong 感到有可疑之處，覺得事情不妙：

Hs spoke very persuasively but I smelled a rat and refused his offer.

7. make an ass of oneself----seem foolish, behave so that one is laughed at 做傻事，使自己出洋相：

He was not used to public speaking and made a complete ass of himself.

8. make a pig of oneself----eat or drink one\'s fill吃（喝）個(gè)夠：

We made pigs of ourselves on her cakes.

9. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush --- something is worth more than a risk which might be profitable 雙鳥在林不如 一鳥在手；

If you invest this money you might make a fortune; but a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

10. kill two birds with one stone ----achieve two aims at once 一箭雙雕；一舉兩得：

I killed two birds with one stone by going to the bank on my way to the shops.

11. rain cats and dogs ---- rain very hard 大雨滂沱，下傾盆大雨：

It rained cats and dogs all day and we could not go out.

12. a cat-and-dog life ---- (husband and wife) a life full of quarrels （指夫婦）象貓狗一樣不和的生活；過著經(jīng)常爭(zhēng)吵的生活：

They have led a cat-and- dog life ever since they were married.

（注意：lead/live a dog\'s life-- live a miserable life 過著牛馬不如的日子，過著悲慘地的日子）

13. count one\'s chickens before they are hatched ---- be over-confident of success 蛋未孵，先取雛；過早樂觀：

You think you have won the election, but don\'t count your chickens before they are hatched.

14. as blind as a bat ---- having very poor eyesight 瞎得象蝙蝠 一樣；眼力不行的；

Without my glasses I\'m as blind as a bat.

15. let sleeping dogs lie ---- not disturb someone or something which may give trouble, not to look for trouble 莫

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