A person of great determination
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1．能夠熟練讀寫及運(yùn)用下面的詞匯：
burst into tears, on board, change one’s mind, take charge, to be honest, envy, tear, scold, argue about, apologize for, shout at sb, ahead of, the rest of…, in that case, burst into, but for…, on the point of…, so long as, upon one's word, leave sb. doing sth.
2．學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用重點(diǎn)句型
1）I was very disappointed not to be going out.
2）You are obviously a person of great courage.
3）Unless I visit every bookstore in town, I shall not know whether I can get what I want.
4）….so long as it remains above the surface of the sea.
3．理解及運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法
復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
4．掌握及靈活運(yùn)用交際用語(yǔ)
1）I’m sorry about that.
2）I apologize for being so angry with you.
3）I’m sorry to have done that.
4）I’m afraid (that)….
5）Please excuse me for…
教學(xué)建議
教學(xué)教法：
這篇文章思想性較強(qiáng)，故事很感人。另外在具體語(yǔ)境中詞匯的用法地道。教師可把教學(xué)重點(diǎn)放在課文內(nèi)容理解，具體語(yǔ)境中對(duì)重點(diǎn)詞的把握，以及啟發(fā)學(xué)生面對(duì)逆境的生活態(tài)度。
語(yǔ)法：Tenses （時(shí)態(tài)）及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
Tenses （時(shí)態(tài)）
1.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
1）表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，往往通過(guò)表示某一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或上下文表示。如：
①The teacher was giving a lesson at this time yesterday. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候老師正在上課。
②What were you doing when Mr Li came in? 李先生進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)你在干什么？
2）表示說(shuō)話人喜悅、不滿、厭煩等感情色彩，往往與always，all the time，very often等狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
①He was smiling all the time. 他一直笑容滿面。
②Tom was always asking me foolish questions.湯姆總是向我提愚蠢的問(wèn)題。
3）用于故事開(kāi)頭，描繪故事發(fā)生的背景，常常和一般過(guò)去時(shí)交替使用。如：
①He looked out of the window. Dark clouds were moving; it was becoming foggy. 他向窗外望去，烏云飄動(dòng)著，天正變得霧蒙蒙的。
4）表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的動(dòng)詞。come，go，start，leave，stay等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示從過(guò)去看即將發(fā)生的行為（即過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）。如：
①He said he was staying here for another week. 他說(shuō)他將在此再呆一周。
②I wanted to know when you were leaving for Beijing. 我想知道你何時(shí)動(dòng)身上北京。
▲過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行或展開(kāi)的情景，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的一個(gè)事實(shí)。如：
①Last night Mary wrote a letter to her mother.
昨晚瑪麗給她媽媽寫了信。（表示寫信這個(gè)事實(shí)，信已寫好）
②Last night Mary was writing a letter to her mother.
昨晚瑪麗一直在給媽媽寫信。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作情景，不一定寫完信）
2．過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或行為之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（過(guò)去的過(guò)去）或從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
1）用介詞by表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前或到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻為止的意思，用介詞before表示在……之前。如：
①By the end of last term we had learned five English songs.
到上學(xué)期末我們學(xué)會(huì)五首英語(yǔ)歌曲。
②By the time he left school he had studied French（for）two years.
到他輟學(xué)時(shí)他已學(xué)了兩年法語(yǔ)。
③He had come to Europe before the outbreak of the war.他在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)前來(lái)到歐洲。
2）常用于由before，after，when，until等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，because等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，as等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的行為和狀語(yǔ)從句的行為先后時(shí)，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
①I had mended the TV set before my brother returned.我兄弟回來(lái)之前我修好了電視機(jī)。
②I didn't go to the movie“The Gold Rush”because I had seen it twice.
我沒(méi)去看電影“淘金熱”，因?yàn)檫@部片子我已看過(guò)兩遍。
3）在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)同為said，asked，answered等時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示在這以前完成的動(dòng)作，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：
①I remembered that I went out after I had closed the door.我記得自己是在關(guān)上門后才出去的。
4）表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)以及since構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。如：
①M(fèi)r Smith had lived there alone（for）two years.史密斯先生獨(dú)自在那兒居住兩年。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的復(fù)習(xí)
有關(guān)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種基本句型，這里就不贅述了，在此說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)需注意的幾點(diǎn)：
1.動(dòng)詞feel, look, smell, sound, taste, cut, open, read, sell, shut, wear, write 等的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
The book written by that famous writer is selling very well.
那些名作家寫的書非常暢銷。（實(shí)際是“被”賣的）
2.動(dòng)詞need, want, require 后的動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：
These flowers need / want / require watering. (含“被”澆水)這些花需要澆水。
be worth后的動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
This book is well worth reading.這本書值得一讀。（實(shí)際是“被”讀）
3.一些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，主動(dòng)式時(shí)不用to, 被動(dòng)式要帶to。這些動(dòng)詞有feel, smell, see, notice。watch, hear, taste, have, make等。如：
People often saw him enter that shop.人們經(jīng)常看見(jiàn)他進(jìn)入那個(gè)商店。
4.作及物動(dòng)詞用的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)須保持其完整性。
(1) 動(dòng)詞+介詞
We must send for the doctor at once.----The doctor must be sent for at once.
必須立即派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生
（2）動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
They are taking good care of the children.----The children are being taken good care of by them
孩子們正受他們很好的照顧。
(3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
People looked down upon women in the past. Women were looked down upon by people in the past. 過(guò)去婦女被人瞧不起（輕視）。
語(yǔ)法練習(xí)
1. ( 1998NMET>Shirley ________ a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
分析：考查進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的特性之一——未完成性。從題干but I don’t know whether she has finished it這一信息句可知，該題應(yīng)填過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表明去年Shirley寫著一本關(guān)于中國(guó)的書，該書沒(méi)寫完，A、C項(xiàng)時(shí)態(tài)與本句所用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不符，B項(xiàng)表明書已在去年寫完，與本文不符，故排除。答案是D。
2. (1996NMET) Helen ________ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ________ home.
A. has left, comes B. left, had come
C. had left, came D. had left, would come
分析：句意是“海倫不得不等她丈夫回家，因?yàn)樗龑㈣�匙忘在辦公室了”。很顯然，leave 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在的wait之前，應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；而第二分句中的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，其從句是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句也應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。答案為C。
3. (1995NMET)—_______ the sports meet might be put off.
—Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I've been told B. I've told C. I'm told D.I told
分析：從it all depends on the weather 一句的時(shí)態(tài)和所告知的內(nèi)容可以斷定，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。答案為A。
4. (1998NMET)My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding
C. had fallen, road D. had fallen, was riding
分析：while he was riding his bicycle 表示在My brother 正騎自行車的時(shí)候，即動(dòng)作的一瞬間。該題的and hurt himself 具有一定的迷惑性。有學(xué)生把hurt and rode 當(dāng)成并列成分而誤選C為正確答案。而實(shí)際上hurt 同fell才是并列關(guān)系。答案為A。
5. (1997NMET)1 first met Lisa three years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working
C. had been working D. had worked
分析：從信息句three years ago, 可推斷是過(guò)去時(shí)，再由at the time判斷該空應(yīng)填過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。答案為B。
1．辨析in surprise 與by surprise, to one’s surprise:
三者都為“驚奇地”意思，但有區(qū)別：
in surprise表示“驚奇地”意思，可作狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
I was in surprise when she told me that she was an orphan. 她告訴我她是孤兒，我感到詫異。
He asked me in surprise, “how did you get the news? ” 他驚奇地問(wèn)我“你是怎么得到這個(gè)消息的？”
by surprise 只作狀語(yǔ)，表示“冷不防地”，常與take, get, seize等動(dòng)作連用。
The policeman took the thief by surprise as he opened the window. 警察趁小偷打開(kāi)窗戶時(shí)，出其不意地把他逮住了。
The castle was taken by surprise. 這座城堡被奇襲攻陷。
To one’s surprise 在句中作表感情的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
To my surprise, he finished the task only in a few days. 使我吃驚的是，他竟在幾天內(nèi)完成這一任務(wù)。
To her great surprise, they are so alike that almost nobody can tell one from the other. 使她感到非常吃驚的是，他們長(zhǎng)得如此相像，以致于幾乎沒(méi)有人能把他們區(qū)開(kāi)。
2．辨析ahead 與ahead of .
兩者都為“在前面”，但有差別。
ahead 作形容詞和副詞，用作表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，表示“在前頭”。
The tasks for the period ahead are waiting for us to do. 今后的任務(wù)還在等著我們?nèi)プ觥?/p>
The school is two kilometers ahead. 學(xué)校在前面兩公里的地方。
ahead of 是介詞短語(yǔ)。表示地點(diǎn)位置時(shí)，是在“前面”，還可表示“處于領(lǐng)先”
或“早于，先于”。
He studies very hard, because he wants to stay ahead of his classmates. 他學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，因?yàn)樗I(lǐng)先于全班同學(xué)。
All the factories in our city have fulfilled their production quota ahead of time. 本市所有的工廠都已經(jīng)提前完成了生產(chǎn)定額。
4．辨析nearly和almost
1）almost和nearly在用法上既有相同之處，也有不同點(diǎn)。在單純表示“時(shí)間、程度、進(jìn)度”時(shí)，almost=nearly。例如：
The building is almost completed.The building is nearly completed.這座大樓幾乎要峻工了。
第一句比第二句更接近于完成。
2）在具體數(shù)字前面常用nearly。例如：
The river is nearly 100 metres wide.這條河大約是100米寬。
3）almost可與no，nothing，none，never等連用，此時(shí)不能nearly代替。
Almost no one believed him.幾乎無(wú)人相信他的話。
There’s almost none left.幾乎一個(gè)沒(méi)剩。
5．辨析except,besides, except for,except,but
1）except表示“除……之外”，含有排他的涵義；besides表示“除……之外還有……”，有“附加”的涵義。如：
He gets up early every day except Sunday.他每天早起，除了星期天例外。
He answered all the questions except the last one.除了最后一題，他回答了所有的問(wèn)題。
2）except for 和except不同之處是：前者“除開(kāi)”的部分和論述的部分通常不是同一類事物，而后者則為同一類事物。試比較：
This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions.
這篇文章除了幾處習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)外，是很容易懂的。
Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand.除了這篇文章，其他的文章都好懂得。
3）except for含有“除……之外，其他都……”，“如果沒(méi)有……那就”這樣一層意思，而except單純指“除……之外”。多用在發(fā)表“評(píng)論”的場(chǎng)合
4）介詞but與except同義，意為“除……之外”（not including），常放在any，every，no以及含有這些詞的復(fù)合不定代詞如anybody，anyone，anything，anywhere， everybody，everyone，everything，everywhere，nobody，nothing，nowhere和no one，none，all等詞后。例如：
He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary.
他手提包里沒(méi)有別的什么，只有一本字典。
6.asleep，sleeping
這兩個(gè)詞都表示“入睡”、“睡著”的意思，但用法各異，主要區(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（一）asleep是表語(yǔ)形容詞，它不能放在名詞之前，例如我們不可以說(shuō)：Look at the asleep baby，應(yīng)把a(bǔ)sleep改為sleeping。例：
She was fast asleep；I couldn't wake her up．她睡得很熟，我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep．那個(gè)老人睡著了。
請(qǐng)注意，be asleep是指“睡著”的狀態(tài)，如果表示“入睡”的意味，就要用fall asleep。上面兩個(gè)例句反映了這個(gè)區(qū)別。
（二）sleeping 是定語(yǔ)形容詞，它放在它所修飾的名詞之前，如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后（He is sleeping），sleeping不是形容詞，而是動(dòng)詞，is sleeping 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例：
Who is that sleeping man？ 那個(gè)在睡覺(jué)的人是誰(shuí)？
Keep an eye on the sleeping baby．照看好那個(gè)在睡覺(jué)的嬰孩。
Let sleeping dogs lie． 莫惹事生非。
Sleeping有一近義詞，即sleepy。sleepy既可作表語(yǔ)，又可作定語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，義：“困倦”、“想睡覺(jué)”，用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，義：“貪睡”、“寂靜的”。例：
The children fell sleepy；put them to bed．孩子們困了，把他們放到床上睡吧。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon．Do you like this sleepy valley？
這里是九龍的郊區(qū)。你喜歡這寂靜的山谷嗎？
7.as well as，as well
作為習(xí)語(yǔ)用作介詞時(shí)，as well as的涵義是“還有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是，在A as well as B的結(jié)構(gòu)里，語(yǔ)意的重點(diǎn)在 A，不在 B。因此，“He can speak Spanish as well as English．”的譯文應(yīng)該是：“他不但會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，而且會(huì)講西班牙語(yǔ)”，決不能譯作：“他不但會(huì)說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)，而且會(huì)講英語(yǔ)”。如果這樣翻譯，就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同義，但前者的語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)和后者的語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)恰好顛倒。
如果 as well as用作連詞引出比較從句，其義為“和…一樣好”。因此，“He speaks Spanish as well as English．”應(yīng)譯作：“他說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)像說(shuō)英語(yǔ)一樣好”。語(yǔ)意的重點(diǎn)依舊在前部，不在后半部。
請(qǐng)注意 as well as以下的用法：
She called on you as well as I． 不但我來(lái)看你，她也拜訪了你。
She called on you as well as me． 她不但拜訪了我，也拜訪了你。
在下列句中，as well as表示“像…一樣”的涵義：
She as well as you is an English teacher． 她像你一樣也是英文教師。
這里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用is，不用are，因?yàn)榫渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)是she，不是she和you。
As well是副詞短語(yǔ)，其義為“也”，相當(dāng)于too，它一般放在句末，有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例：
He is a worker，and a poet as well．他是工人，但也是詩(shī)人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中國(guó)擁有大量煤炭，其他的礦藏也很豐富。
Mr．Liu can speak English，but he can speak Cantonese as well．
劉先生會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，但他也能講廣東話。
詞語(yǔ)辨析：
辨析in surprise 與by surprise, to one’s surprise:
三者都為“驚奇地”意思，但有區(qū)別：
in surprise表示“驚奇地”意思，可作狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
I was in surprise when she told me that she was an orphan. 她告訴我她是孤兒，我感到詫異。
He asked me in surprise, “how did you get the news? ” 他驚奇地問(wèn)我“你是怎么得到這個(gè)消息的？”
by surprise 只作狀語(yǔ)，表示“冷不防地”，常與take, get, seize等動(dòng)作連用。
The policeman took the thief by surprise as he opened the window. 警察趁小偷打開(kāi)窗戶時(shí)，出其不意地把他逮住了。
The castle was taken by surprise. 這座城堡被奇襲攻陷。
To one’s surprise 在句中作表感情的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
To my surprise, he finished the task only in a few days. 使我吃驚的是，他竟在幾天內(nèi)完成這一任務(wù)。
To her great surprise, they are so alike that almost nobody can tell one from the other. 使她感到非常吃驚的是，他們長(zhǎng)得如此相像，以致于幾乎沒(méi)有人能把他們區(qū)開(kāi)。
2．辨析ahead 與ahead of .
兩者都為“在前面”，但有差別。
ahead 作形容詞和副詞，用作表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，表示“在前頭”。
The tasks for the period ahead are waiting for us to do. 今后的任務(wù)還在等著我們?nèi)プ觥?/p>
The school is two kilometers ahead. 學(xué)校在前面兩公里的地方。
ahead of 是介詞短語(yǔ)。表示地點(diǎn)位置時(shí)，是在“前面”，還可表示“處于領(lǐng)先”
或“早于，先于”。
He studies very hard, because he wants to stay ahead of his classmates. 他學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，因?yàn)樗I(lǐng)先于全班同學(xué)。
All the factories in our city have fulfilled their production quota ahead of time. 本市所有的工廠都已經(jīng)提前完成了生產(chǎn)定額。
4．辨析nearly和almost
1）almost和nearly在用法上既有相同之處，也有不同點(diǎn)。在單純表示“時(shí)間、程度、進(jìn)度”時(shí)，almost=nearly。例如：
The building is almost completed.The building is nearly completed.這座大樓幾乎要峻工了。
第一句比第二句更接近于完成。
2）在具體數(shù)字前面常用nearly。例如：
The river is nearly 100 metres wide.這條河大約是100米寬。
3）almost可與no，nothing，none，never等連用，此時(shí)不能nearly代替。
Almost no one believed him.幾乎無(wú)人相信他的話。
There’s almost none left.幾乎一個(gè)沒(méi)剩。
5．辨析except,besides, except for,except,but
1）except表示“除……之外”，含有排他的涵義；besides表示“除……之外還有……”，有“附加”的涵義。如：
He gets up early every day except Sunday.他每天早起，除了星期天例外。
He answered all the questions except the last one.除了最后一題，他回答了所有的問(wèn)題。
2）except for 和except不同之處是：前者“除開(kāi)”的部分和論述的部分通常不是同一類事物，而后者則為同一類事物。試比較：
This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions.
這篇文章除了幾處習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)外，是很容易懂的。
Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand.除了這篇文章，其他的文章都好懂得。
3）except for含有“除……之外，其他都……”，“如果沒(méi)有……那就”這樣一層意思，而except單純指“除……之外”。多用在發(fā)表“評(píng)論”的場(chǎng)合
4）介詞but與except同義，意為“除……之外”（not including），常放在any，every，no以及含有這些詞的復(fù)合不定代詞如anybody，anyone，anything，anywhere， everybody，everyone，everything，everywhere，nobody，nothing，nowhere和no one，none，all等詞后。例如：
He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary.
他手提包里沒(méi)有別的什么，只有一本字典。
6.asleep，sleeping
這兩個(gè)詞都表示“入睡”、“睡著”的意思，但用法各異，主要區(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（一）asleep是表語(yǔ)形容詞，它不能放在名詞之前，例如我們不可以說(shuō)：Look at the asleep baby，應(yīng)把a(bǔ)sleep改為sleeping。例：
She was fast asleep；I couldn't wake her up．她睡得很熟，我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep．那個(gè)老人睡著了。
請(qǐng)注意，be asleep是指“睡著”的狀態(tài)，如果表示“入睡”的意味，就要用fall asleep。上面兩個(gè)例句反映了這個(gè)區(qū)別。
（二）sleeping 是定語(yǔ)形容詞，它放在它所修飾的名詞之前，如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后（He is sleeping），sleeping不是形容詞，而是動(dòng)詞，is sleeping 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例：
Who is that sleeping man？ 那個(gè)在睡覺(jué)的人是誰(shuí)？
Keep an eye on the sleeping baby．照看好那個(gè)在睡覺(jué)的嬰孩。
Let sleeping dogs lie． 莫惹事生非。
Sleeping有一近義詞，即sleepy。sleepy既可作表語(yǔ)，又可作定語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，義：“困倦”、“想睡覺(jué)”，用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，義：“貪睡”、“寂靜的”。例：
The children fell sleepy；put them to bed．孩子們困了，把他們放到床上睡吧。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon．Do you like this sleepy valley？
這里是九龍的郊區(qū)。你喜歡這寂靜的山谷嗎？
7.as well as，as well
作為習(xí)語(yǔ)用作介詞時(shí)，as well as的涵義是“還有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是，在A as well as B的結(jié)構(gòu)里，語(yǔ)意的重點(diǎn)在 A，不在 B。因此，“He can speak Spanish as well as English．”的譯文應(yīng)該是：“他不但會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，而且會(huì)講西班牙語(yǔ)”，決不能譯作：“他不但會(huì)說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)，而且會(huì)講英語(yǔ)”。如果這樣翻譯，就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同義，但前者的語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)和后者的語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)恰好顛倒。
如果 as well as用作連詞引出比較從句，其義為“和…一樣好”。因此，“He speaks Spanish as well as English．”應(yīng)譯作：“他說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)像說(shuō)英語(yǔ)一樣好”。語(yǔ)意的重點(diǎn)依舊在前部，不在后半部。
請(qǐng)注意 as well as以下的用法：
She called on you as well as I． 不但我來(lái)看你，她也拜訪了你。
She called on you as well as me． 她不但拜訪了我，也拜訪了你。
在下列句中，as well as表示“像…一樣”的涵義：
She as well as you is an English teacher． 她像你一樣也是英文教師。
這里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用is，不用are，因?yàn)榫渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)是she，不是she和you。
As well是副詞短語(yǔ)，其義為“也”，相當(dāng)于too，它一般放在句末，有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例：
He is a worker，and a poet as well．他是工人，但也是詩(shī)人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中國(guó)擁有大量煤炭，其他的礦藏也很豐富。
Mr．Liu can speak English，but he can speak Cantonese as well．
劉先生會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，但他也能講廣東話。
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1．能夠熟練讀寫及運(yùn)用下面的詞匯：
burst into tears, on board, change one’s mind, take charge, to be honest, envy, tear, scold, argue about, apologize for, shout at sb, ahead of, the rest of…, in that case, burst into, but for…, on the point of…, so long as, upon one's word, leave sb. doing sth.
2．學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用重點(diǎn)句型
1）I was very disappointed not to be going out.
2）You are obviously a person of great courage.
3）Unless I visit every bookstore in town, I shall not know whether I can get what I want.
4）….so long as it remains above the surface of the sea.
3．理解及運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法
復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
4．掌握及靈活運(yùn)用交際用語(yǔ)
1）I’m sorry about that.
2）I apologize for being so angry with you.
3）I’m sorry to have done that.
4）I’m afraid (that)….
5）Please excuse me for…
教學(xué)建議
教學(xué)教法：
這篇文章思想性較強(qiáng)，故事很感人。另外在具體語(yǔ)境中詞匯的用法地道。教師可把教學(xué)重點(diǎn)放在課文內(nèi)容理解，具體語(yǔ)境中對(duì)重點(diǎn)詞的把握，以及啟發(fā)學(xué)生面對(duì)逆境的生活態(tài)度。
語(yǔ)法：Tenses （時(shí)態(tài)）及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
Tenses （時(shí)態(tài)）
1.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
1）表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，往往通過(guò)表示某一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或上下文表示。如：
①The teacher was giving a lesson at this time yesterday. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候老師正在上課。
②What were you doing when Mr Li came in? 李先生進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)你在干什么？
2）表示說(shuō)話人喜悅、不滿、厭煩等感情色彩，往往與always，all the time，very often等狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
①He was smiling all the time. 他一直笑容滿面。
②Tom was always asking me foolish questions.湯姆總是向我提愚蠢的問(wèn)題。
3）用于故事開(kāi)頭，描繪故事發(fā)生的背景，常常和一般過(guò)去時(shí)交替使用。如：
①He looked out of the window. Dark clouds were moving; it was becoming foggy. 他向窗外望去，烏云飄動(dòng)著，天正變得霧蒙蒙的。
4）表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的動(dòng)詞。come，go，start，leave，stay等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示從過(guò)去看即將發(fā)生的行為（即過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）。如：
①He said he was staying here for another week. 他說(shuō)他將在此再呆一周。
②I wanted to know when you were leaving for Beijing. 我想知道你何時(shí)動(dòng)身上北京。
▲過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行或展開(kāi)的情景，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的一個(gè)事實(shí)。如：
①Last night Mary wrote a letter to her mother.
昨晚瑪麗給她媽媽寫了信。（表示寫信這個(gè)事實(shí)，信已寫好）
②Last night Mary was writing a letter to her mother.
昨晚瑪麗一直在給媽媽寫信。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作情景，不一定寫完信）
2．過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或行為之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（過(guò)去的過(guò)去）或從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
1）用介詞by表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前或到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻為止的意思，用介詞before表示在……之前。如：
①By the end of last term we had learned five English songs.
到上學(xué)期末我們學(xué)會(huì)五首英語(yǔ)歌曲。
②By the time he left school he had studied French（for）two years.
到他輟學(xué)時(shí)他已學(xué)了兩年法語(yǔ)。
③He had come to Europe before the outbreak of the war.他在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)前來(lái)到歐洲。
2）常用于由before，after，when，until等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，because等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，as等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的行為和狀語(yǔ)從句的行為先后時(shí)，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
①I had mended the TV set before my brother returned.我兄弟回來(lái)之前我修好了電視機(jī)。
②I didn't go to the movie“The Gold Rush”because I had seen it twice.
我沒(méi)去看電影“淘金熱”，因?yàn)檫@部片子我已看過(guò)兩遍。
3）在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)同為said，asked，answered等時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示在這以前完成的動(dòng)作，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：
①I remembered that I went out after I had closed the door.我記得自己是在關(guān)上門后才出去的。
4）表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)以及since構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。如：
①M(fèi)r Smith had lived there alone（for）two years.史密斯先生獨(dú)自在那兒居住兩年。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的復(fù)習(xí)
有關(guān)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種基本句型，這里就不贅述了，在此說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)需注意的幾點(diǎn)：
1.動(dòng)詞feel, look, smell, sound, taste, cut, open, read, sell, shut, wear, write 等的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
The book written by that famous writer is selling very well.
那些名作家寫的書非常暢銷。（實(shí)際是“被”賣的）
2.動(dòng)詞need, want, require 后的動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：
These flowers need / want / require watering. (含“被”澆水)這些花需要澆水。
be worth后的動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
This book is well worth reading.這本書值得一讀。（實(shí)際是“被”讀）
3.一些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，主動(dòng)式時(shí)不用to, 被動(dòng)式要帶to。這些動(dòng)詞有feel, smell, see, notice。watch, hear, taste, have, make等。如：
People often saw him enter that shop.人們經(jīng)�？匆�(jiàn)他進(jìn)入那個(gè)商店。
4.作及物動(dòng)詞用的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)須保持其完整性。
(1) 動(dòng)詞+介詞
We must send for the doctor at once.----The doctor must be sent for at once.
必須立即派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生
（2）動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
They are taking good care of the children.----The children are being taken good care of by them
孩子們正受他們很好的照顧。
(3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
People looked down upon women in the past. Women were looked down upon by people in the past. 過(guò)去婦女被人瞧不起（輕視）。
語(yǔ)法練習(xí)
1. ( 1998NMET>Shirley ________ a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
分析：考查進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的特性之一——未完成性。從題干but I don’t know whether she has finished it這一信息句可知，該題應(yīng)填過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表明去年Shirley寫著一本關(guān)于中國(guó)的書，該書沒(méi)寫完，A、C項(xiàng)時(shí)態(tài)與本句所用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不符，B項(xiàng)表明書已在去年寫完，與本文不符，故排除。答案是D。
2. (1996NMET) Helen ________ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ________ home.
A. has left, comes B. left, had come
C. had left, came D. had left, would come
分析：句意是“海倫不得不等她丈夫回家，因?yàn)樗龑㈣�匙忘在辦公室了”。很顯然，leave 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在的wait之前，應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；而第二分句中的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，其從句是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句也應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。答案為C。
3. (1995NMET)—_______ the sports meet might be put off.
—Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I've been told B. I've told C. I'm told D.I told
分析：從it all depends on the weather 一句的時(shí)態(tài)和所告知的內(nèi)容可以斷定，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。答案為A。
4. (1998NMET)My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding
C. had fallen, road D. had fallen, was riding
分析：while he was riding his bicycle 表示在My brother 正騎自行車的時(shí)候，即動(dòng)作的一瞬間。該題的and hurt himself 具有一定的迷惑性。有學(xué)生把hurt and rode 當(dāng)成并列成分而誤選C為正確答案。而實(shí)際上hurt 同fell才是并列關(guān)系。答案為A。
5. (1997NMET)1 first met Lisa three years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working
C. had been working D. had worked
分析：從信息句three years ago, 可推斷是過(guò)去時(shí)，再由at the time判斷該空應(yīng)填過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。答案為B。
1．辨析in surprise 與by surprise, to one’s surprise:
三者都為“驚奇地”意思，但有區(qū)別：
in surprise表示“驚奇地”意思，可作狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
I was in surprise when she told me that she was an orphan. 她告訴我她是孤兒，我感到詫異。
He asked me in surprise, “how did you get the news? ” 他驚奇地問(wèn)我“你是怎么得到這個(gè)消息的？”
by surprise 只作狀語(yǔ)，表示“冷不防地”，常與take, get, seize等動(dòng)作連用。
The policeman took the thief by surprise as he opened the window. 警察趁小偷打開(kāi)窗戶時(shí)，出其不意地把他逮住了。
The castle was taken by surprise. 這座城堡被奇襲攻陷。
To one’s surprise 在句中作表感情的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
To my surprise, he finished the task only in a few days. 使我吃驚的是，他竟在幾天內(nèi)完成這一任務(wù)。
To her great surprise, they are so alike that almost nobody can tell one from the other. 使她感到非常吃驚的是，他們長(zhǎng)得如此相像，以致于幾乎沒(méi)有人能把他們區(qū)開(kāi)。
2．辨析ahead 與ahead of .
兩者都為“在前面”，但有差別。
ahead 作形容詞和副詞，用作表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，表示“在前頭”。
The tasks for the period ahead are waiting for us to do. 今后的任務(wù)還在等著我們?nèi)プ觥?/p>
The school is two kilometers ahead. 學(xué)校在前面兩公里的地方。
ahead of 是介詞短語(yǔ)。表示地點(diǎn)位置時(shí)，是在“前面”，還可表示“處于領(lǐng)先”
或“早于，先于”。
He studies very hard, because he wants to stay ahead of his classmates. 他學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，因?yàn)樗I(lǐng)先于全班同學(xué)。
All the factories in our city have fulfilled their production quota ahead of time. 本市所有的工廠都已經(jīng)提前完成了生產(chǎn)定額。
4．辨析nearly和almost
1）almost和nearly在用法上既有相同之處，也有不同點(diǎn)。在單純表示“時(shí)間、程度、進(jìn)度”時(shí)，almost=nearly。例如：
The building is almost completed.The building is nearly completed.這座大樓幾乎要峻工了。
第一句比第二句更接近于完成。
2）在具體數(shù)字前面常用nearly。例如：
The river is nearly 100 metres wide.這條河大約是100米寬。
3）almost可與no，nothing，none，never等連用，此時(shí)不能nearly代替。
Almost no one believed him.幾乎無(wú)人相信他的話。
There’s almost none left.幾乎一個(gè)沒(méi)剩。
5．辨析except,besides, except for,except,but
1）except表示“除……之外”，含有排他的涵義；besides表示“除……之外還有……”，有“附加”的涵義。如：
He gets up early every day except Sunday.他每天早起，除了星期天例外。
He answered all the questions except the last one.除了最后一題，他回答了所有的問(wèn)題。
2）except for 和except不同之處是：前者“除開(kāi)”的部分和論述的部分通常不是同一類事物，而后者則為同一類事物。試比較：
This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions.
這篇文章除了幾處習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)外，是很容易懂的。
Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand.除了這篇文章，其他的文章都好懂得。
3）except for含有“除……之外，其他都……”，“如果沒(méi)有……那就”這樣一層意思，而except單純指“除……之外”。多用在發(fā)表“評(píng)論”的場(chǎng)合
4）介詞but與except同義，意為“除……之外”（not including），常放在any，every，no以及含有這些詞的復(fù)合不定代詞如anybody，anyone，anything，anywhere， everybody，everyone，everything，everywhere，nobody，nothing，nowhere和no one，none，all等詞后。例如：
He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary.
他手提包里沒(méi)有別的什么，只有一本字典。
6.asleep，sleeping
這兩個(gè)詞都表示“入睡”、“睡著”的意思，但用法各異，主要區(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（一）asleep是表語(yǔ)形容詞，它不能放在名詞之前，例如我們不可以說(shuō)：Look at the asleep baby，應(yīng)把a(bǔ)sleep改為sleeping。例：
She was fast asleep；I couldn't wake her up．她睡得很熟，我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep．那個(gè)老人睡著了。
請(qǐng)注意，be asleep是指“睡著”的狀態(tài)，如果表示“入睡”的意味，就要用fall asleep。上面兩個(gè)例句反映了這個(gè)區(qū)別。
（二）sleeping 是定語(yǔ)形容詞，它放在它所修飾的名詞之前，如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后（He is sleeping），sleeping不是形容詞，而是動(dòng)詞，is sleeping 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例：
Who is that sleeping man？ 那個(gè)在睡覺(jué)的人是誰(shuí)？
Keep an eye on the sleeping baby．照看好那個(gè)在睡覺(jué)的嬰孩。
Let sleeping dogs lie． 莫惹事生非。
Sleeping有一近義詞，即sleepy。sleepy既可作表語(yǔ)，又可作定語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，義：“困倦”、“想睡覺(jué)”，用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，義：“貪睡”、“寂靜的”。例：
The children fell sleepy；put them to bed．孩子們困了，把他們放到床上睡吧。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon．Do you like this sleepy valley？
這里是九龍的郊區(qū)。你喜歡這寂靜的山谷嗎？
7.as well as，as well
作為習(xí)語(yǔ)用作介詞時(shí)，as well as的涵義是“還有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是，在A as well as B的結(jié)構(gòu)里，語(yǔ)意的重點(diǎn)在 A，不在 B。因此，“He can speak Spanish as well as English．”的譯文應(yīng)該是：“他不但會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，而且會(huì)講西班牙語(yǔ)”，決不能譯作：“他不但會(huì)說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)，而且會(huì)講英語(yǔ)”。如果這樣翻譯，就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同義，但前者的語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)和后者的語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)恰好顛倒。
如果 as well as用作連詞引出比較從句，其義為“和…一樣好”。因此，“He speaks Spanish as well as English．”應(yīng)譯作：“他說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)像說(shuō)英語(yǔ)一樣好”。語(yǔ)意的重點(diǎn)依舊在前部，不在后半部。
請(qǐng)注意 as well as以下的用法：
She called on you as well as I． 不但我來(lái)看你，她也拜訪了你。
She called on you as well as me． 她不但拜訪了我，也拜訪了你。
在下列句中，as well as表示“像…一樣”的涵義：
She as well as you is an English teacher． 她像你一樣也是英文教師。
這里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用is，不用are，因?yàn)榫渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)是she，不是she和you。
As well是副詞短語(yǔ)，其義為“也”，相當(dāng)于too，它一般放在句末，有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例：
He is a worker，and a poet as well．他是工人，但也是詩(shī)人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中國(guó)擁有大量煤炭，其他的礦藏也很豐富。
Mr．Liu can speak English，but he can speak Cantonese as well．
劉先生會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，但他也能講廣東話。
詞語(yǔ)辨析：
辨析in surprise 與by surprise, to one’s surprise:
三者都為“驚奇地”意思，但有區(qū)別：
in surprise表示“驚奇地”意思，可作狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
I was in surprise when she told me that she was an orphan. 她告訴我她是孤兒，我感到詫異。
He asked me in surprise, “how did you get the news? ” 他驚奇地問(wèn)我“你是怎么得到這個(gè)消息的？”
by surprise 只作狀語(yǔ)，表示“冷不防地”，常與take, get, seize等動(dòng)作連用。
The policeman took the thief by surprise as he opened the window. 警察趁小偷打開(kāi)窗戶時(shí)，出其不意地把他逮住了。
The castle was taken by surprise. 這座城堡被奇襲攻陷。
To one’s surprise 在句中作表感情的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
To my surprise, he finished the task only in a few days. 使我吃驚的是，他竟在幾天內(nèi)完成這一任務(wù)。
To her great surprise, they are so alike that almost nobody can tell one from the other. 使她感到非常吃驚的是，他們長(zhǎng)得如此相像，以致于幾乎沒(méi)有人能把他們區(qū)開(kāi)。
2．辨析ahead 與ahead of .
兩者都為“在前面”，但有差別。
ahead 作形容詞和副詞，用作表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，表示“在前頭”。
The tasks for the period ahead are waiting for us to do. 今后的任務(wù)還在等著我們?nèi)プ觥?/p>
The school is two kilometers ahead. 學(xué)校在前面兩公里的地方。
ahead of 是介詞短語(yǔ)。表示地點(diǎn)位置時(shí)，是在“前面”，還可表示“處于領(lǐng)先”
或“早于，先于”。
He studies very hard, because he wants to stay ahead of his classmates. 他學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，因?yàn)樗I(lǐng)先于全班同學(xué)。
All the factories in our city have fulfilled their production quota ahead of time. 本市所有的工廠都已經(jīng)提前完成了生產(chǎn)定額。
4．辨析nearly和almost
1）almost和nearly在用法上既有相同之處，也有不同點(diǎn)。在單純表示“時(shí)間、程度、進(jìn)度”時(shí)，almost=nearly。例如：
The building is almost completed.The building is nearly completed.這座大樓幾乎要峻工了。
第一句比第二句更接近于完成。
2）在具體數(shù)字前面常用nearly。例如：
The river is nearly 100 metres wide.這條河大約是100米寬。
3）almost可與no，nothing，none，never等連用，此時(shí)不能nearly代替。
Almost no one believed him.幾乎無(wú)人相信他的話。
There’s almost none left.幾乎一個(gè)沒(méi)剩。
5．辨析except,besides, except for,except,but
1）except表示“除……之外”，含有排他的涵義；besides表示“除……之外還有……”，有“附加”的涵義。如：
He gets up early every day except Sunday.他每天早起，除了星期天例外。
He answered all the questions except the last one.除了最后一題，他回答了所有的問(wèn)題。
2）except for 和except不同之處是：前者“除開(kāi)”的部分和論述的部分通常不是同一類事物，而后者則為同一類事物。試比較：
This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions.
這篇文章除了幾處習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)外，是很容易懂的。
Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand.除了這篇文章，其他的文章都好懂得。
3）except for含有“除……之外，其他都……”，“如果沒(méi)有……那就”這樣一層意思，而except單純指“除……之外”。多用在發(fā)表“評(píng)論”的場(chǎng)合
4）介詞but與except同義，意為“除……之外”（not including），常放在any，every，no以及含有這些詞的復(fù)合不定代詞如anybody，anyone，anything，anywhere， everybody，everyone，everything，everywhere，nobody，nothing，nowhere和no one，none，all等詞后。例如：
He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary.
他手提包里沒(méi)有別的什么，只有一本字典。
6.asleep，sleeping
這兩個(gè)詞都表示“入睡”、“睡著”的意思，但用法各異，主要區(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（一）asleep是表語(yǔ)形容詞，它不能放在名詞之前，例如我們不可以說(shuō)：Look at the asleep baby，應(yīng)把a(bǔ)sleep改為sleeping。例：
She was fast asleep；I couldn't wake her up．她睡得很熟，我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep．那個(gè)老人睡著了。
請(qǐng)注意，be asleep是指“睡著”的狀態(tài)，如果表示“入睡”的意味，就要用fall asleep。上面兩個(gè)例句反映了這個(gè)區(qū)別。
（二）sleeping 是定語(yǔ)形容詞，它放在它所修飾的名詞之前，如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后（He is sleeping），sleeping不是形容詞，而是動(dòng)詞，is sleeping 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例：
Who is that sleeping man？ 那個(gè)在睡覺(jué)的人是誰(shuí)？
Keep an eye on the sleeping baby．照看好那個(gè)在睡覺(jué)的嬰孩。
Let sleeping dogs lie． 莫惹事生非。
Sleeping有一近義詞，即sleepy。sleepy既可作表語(yǔ)，又可作定語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，義：“困倦”、“想睡覺(jué)”，用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，義：“貪睡”、“寂靜的”。例：
The children fell sleepy；put them to bed．孩子們困了，把他們放到床上睡吧。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon．Do you like this sleepy valley？
這里是九龍的郊區(qū)。你喜歡這寂靜的山谷嗎？
7.as well as，as well
作為習(xí)語(yǔ)用作介詞時(shí)，as well as的涵義是“還有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是，在A as well as B的結(jié)構(gòu)里，語(yǔ)意的重點(diǎn)在 A，不在 B。因此，“He can speak Spanish as well as English．”的譯文應(yīng)該是：“他不但會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，而且會(huì)講西班牙語(yǔ)”，決不能譯作：“他不但會(huì)說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)，而且會(huì)講英語(yǔ)”。如果這樣翻譯，就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同義，但前者的語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)和后者的語(yǔ)意重點(diǎn)恰好顛倒。
如果 as well as用作連詞引出比較從句，其義為“和…一樣好”。因此，“He speaks Spanish as well as English．”應(yīng)譯作：“他說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)像說(shuō)英語(yǔ)一樣好”。語(yǔ)意的重點(diǎn)依舊在前部，不在后半部。
請(qǐng)注意 as well as以下的用法：
She called on you as well as I． 不但我來(lái)看你，她也拜訪了你。
She called on you as well as me． 她不但拜訪了我，也拜訪了你。
在下列句中，as well as表示“像…一樣”的涵義：
She as well as you is an English teacher． 她像你一樣也是英文教師。
這里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用is，不用are，因?yàn)榫渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)是she，不是she和you。
As well是副詞短語(yǔ)，其義為“也”，相當(dāng)于too，它一般放在句末，有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例：
He is a worker，and a poet as well．他是工人，但也是詩(shī)人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中國(guó)擁有大量煤炭，其他的礦藏也很豐富。
Mr．Liu can speak English，but he can speak Cantonese as well．
劉先生會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，但他也能講廣東話。
Lesson30教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)方案
StepI.Introduction:
We’ve learned Madame Curie.I think she is a person of great determination.She would have gained nothing without the determination.Today we will learn an interesting story about a boy who had a great determination.
StepII.Fast reading:(Give the Ss 5 minutes to search for the answers)
1.What was the boy looking for and what was the problem?
2.How did the bookseller and the writer each offer to help the boy?
StepIII.Reading Comprehension:
1.The writer went to a bookstore______.
A in search of some dictionaries
B to buy a geography book
C to find some books he wanted
D to look for a friend
2.The young boy was interested in geography because he wanted to______.
A travel B trade with foreign countries countries
C be a sailor like his father D study it at college
3.The young boy looked up at the writer with a weak smile when the shop assistant refused his request. This showed that he was_______.
A delighted B content C disappointed D curious
4.The writer followed the boy to find out whether he______.
A could get more money B could get what he wanted
C would buy something else D would go home
5.After the fifth bookstore, the boy decided ______in order to know whether he could get one.
A to try one more bookstore
B to try all the bookstores in town
C to try two more bookstores
D to try four more bookstores
StepIV.Pair work:
1. Why do you think the boy had a weak smile on his face?
2. Why was the boy surprised at the writer’s request?
3. What was the boy determined to do?
4. Why do you think the boy could not go to school?
5. What was wise about the boy’s decision in the last bookstore?
6. For what reasons might the writer envy the boy?
StepV. Fill in blanks:
1.At the boy’s last remark, the bookseller looke at him curiously.I told him what I had seen and heard at the five other places. To the boy’s delight, the bookseler gave him a nice new pencil and some writing paper.
2.Tears of joy filled his eyes. For one moment I thought he was going to burst into tears. “Thank you very much indeed,sir,”he said. “I hope that one day I shall be able to repay you.”
3.He asked for my name and I told him. Then I left him standing by the counter so happy that I almost envied him.
StepVI.Learn some words through the contents.(語(yǔ)境中領(lǐng)悟詞的意義及用法)
1. How eagerly he looked up at the sales assistant for an answer,and how disappointed he looked when the man refused his request!Looking up at me with a weak smile, the boy left the store.I followed him.（After the illness, his leg felt weak.）
2. A:Why do you want it so badly?
B:To study,sir.I can’t go to school, but when I have time I study at home.
[badly:adv. a great deal, very much. For example: 1. Do you have a pen,I need it badly.
2)Look at his hair! He is badly in need of a haircut.]
3. “Well, in that case it’ll do just as well, and then I shall have twelve cents left to buy some other book. I’m glad they didn’t let me have one at any of the other places.”
(do:to be suitable.行，成。例：This little bed will do for our youngest daughter.
That won’t do.那不行。
It doesn’t do to work too much.工作過(guò)度就不行。）
StepIII.Language points:
1.leave sb. doing sth．leave sb. 后面可帶現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，leave在這些結(jié)構(gòu)中作“讓（繼續(xù)處于某種狀態(tài)）”解釋。如：
①They walked off and left me sitting there all by myself.
他們走掉了，讓我一個(gè)人孤零零地坐在那里。
②His letter left me feeling pretty bad.他的信使我感到相當(dāng)難受。
③I'm sorry I've left some of your questions unanswered.很抱歉，你有些問(wèn)題我沒(méi)有回答。
④He will never leave a job unfinished.他干什么事從來(lái)沒(méi)有不干完的
有時(shí)也可帶不定式作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。如：
①Leave him to do it himself. 讓他一個(gè)人去做。
②I'll leave you to settle all the business.我委托你來(lái)處理全部事務(wù)。
2．表示道歉和應(yīng)答時(shí)所使用的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：
1）I'm sorry. （Sorry. ）對(duì)不起�。ū福。ㄟ@是表示道歉的普通用語(yǔ)，其中Sorry更為隨便些。
③Excuse me. 請(qǐng)?jiān)�，或�(qū)Σ黄�。（用這句話表示歉意，實(shí)際上是一種打招呼的口頭語(yǔ)。一般多用于對(duì)陌生人詢問(wèn)，請(qǐng)求某事之前，或者用在打斷別人講話之前，表示不同意見(jiàn)以及暫時(shí)要離開(kāi)一會(huì)兒等場(chǎng)合。如：Excuse me, sir, will you tell me the way to the station? 勞駕！先生，請(qǐng)問(wèn)去車站走哪條路？當(dāng)你在人前打噴嚏時(shí)，或不小心碰了別人時(shí)都要說(shuō)Excuse me，這樣顯得有禮貌。）
2）That's all right. 沒(méi)關(guān)系。（這是回答別人道歉時(shí)的普通用語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)氣較隨便。也可說(shuō)成：That's OK. ）其他說(shuō)法還有：
①It doesn't matter. 不要緊。（這也是回答道歉的常用語(yǔ)，其意思與“Never mind.”相同。）
③That's nothing. 沒(méi)什么。（也是一句普通的回答道歉常用語(yǔ)。象這樣的用語(yǔ)還有：It's not your fault. Not at all. 等。）
①A：Excuse me, but is it seven o'clock yet?
B：I'm sorry, but I haven't a watch.
A：It doesn't matter.
I'll try the man over there. He will know.
②A：I'm sorry for the inconvenience.
B：That's all right.
③A：Sorry, did I step on your toe?
B：That's nothing.
3．And in the end he did land us safe, …
did可以用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的肯定謂語(yǔ)。do用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定祈使句和主語(yǔ)為第一人稱、第二人稱和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的肯定謂語(yǔ)。does用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的肯定謂語(yǔ)。
【注意】用了did或does表示強(qiáng)調(diào)后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用原形。例如：
①Do come tomorrow! 明天務(wù)必來(lái)！
②He does like singing. 他確實(shí)喜歡唱歌。
③He did work here last year. 他去年確實(shí)在這里工作。
StepV:Exercises:
1．When ______, water can be changed into vapor．[A]
A．heated B．heats C．heating D．to heat
2．Frank tried to think of a good excuse to ______ the meeting．[B]?
A．get off with B．get out of C．get away D．get over for
3．If I ______ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car．[D]
A．possessed B．owned C．had D．had had
4．Many people love to ______ off their possessions before others．[B]
A．give B．show C．turn D．take
6．They say such ill things about you out of ______．[A]
A．envy B．congratulation C．respect D．fear
7．Don't look ______ immediate results from this medicine．[A]
A．for B．a(chǎn)t C．a(chǎn)fter D．up
Lesson 31教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)方案
StepI.Fast reading:(search for answer:give the Ss 2-3 minutes.)
1.Did the ship sink during the voyage?
2.who was the captain?
StepII.Retell:How did the captain land them safe?
StepIII.Fill in blanks.(Silent reading and pay special attention to the key words.)
1.Many years later, I was sailing to Europe on a fine sailing ship across the Atlantic.For the greater part of the voyage we had pleasant weather, but towards the end of our crossing a terrible storm came up and the ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain.(paragraph1)
2.The ship started to leak and began to fill with water. The sailors were strong, able and willing.But after pumping for one whole night,they were losing the battle against the rising water and were on the point of giving up.(paragraph2)
3.Three times during that day we were on the point of giving up. But the captain’s courage, determination and iron will forced us to continue, and we went back to the pumps. “I will land you safe in Livepool,”he cried, “if you will stay strong and firm with me.”
StepIV.Learn some words through the context.(語(yǔ)境中體會(huì)詞的語(yǔ)意與用法。)
1．The captain, as soon as he realized the situation,took charge.He ordered the sailors back to their pumps and encouraged them fiercely to save the ship.His strong will doubled their efforts.
[a.fiercely:(of heat,strong feeling,etc)very great;angrily,violently and cruely.]
例:The mother lion shouted fiecely at losing his baby in the forest.
The fierce heat of the tropical sun almost burnt us.
He made a fiece speech, urging them to fight.
[b.will:power to control one’s mind and body----克制力，意志力；
what is wished or intended(by the stated person)-----（某人的愿望）]
例：She has such a strong will;she won’t do what we say.
Her death is God’s will.
He didn’t have the will to change.他沒(méi)有改變的毅力。
2． The determination that thirty years ago got you that geography book has today saved our lives.
[get---to make sb. have,to cause to do]
例：I got him to help me when I moved the furniture.
I can’t get the car to start.
Stepv.languge points:
1.The ship would have sunk with all the passengers on it, if the captain had not made the efforts.)要不是由于船長(zhǎng)的努力，我們就連船帶人都沉沒(méi)了。
but for 是短語(yǔ)介詞( =without), 意思是“如果不是……”，后跟名詞。but for...相當(dāng)于一個(gè)虛擬條件句，因此，句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
But for the snow we would have had a very pleasant journey. ( =If there hadn't been snow, we would have had a very pleasant journey.) 如果不下雪，我們的旅行是非常愉快的。
I would not have succeeded but for your help. ( =If I hadn't had your help, I wouldn't have succeeded.) 要是沒(méi)有你的幫忙，我是不會(huì)成功的。
2. But after pumping for one whole night, they were losing the battle against the rising water and were on the point of giving up. 但是經(jīng)過(guò)一整夜的抽水之后，他們沒(méi)能戰(zhàn)勝不斷上升的水，他快要放棄努力了。
解析：句中的 ... and were on the point of giving up 意思相當(dāng)于... they were about to stop pumping。注意，be on the point of表示“正要（去做事）”的意思。
I was just on the point of going when you came in. 我正要出去，這時(shí)你進(jìn)來(lái)了。
3. Neither I nor any of the sailors will leave the ship so long as it remains above the surface of the sea. 只要是這艘船還在海面上，無(wú)論是我還是水手都不會(huì)棄船而去。
1) 并列連詞詞組neither ... nor 用來(lái)把兩個(gè)否定的概念結(jié)合在一起，表示“既不……又不”的意思，它可連接句中兩個(gè)相同的成分。在連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般情況下動(dòng)詞和靠近它的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。例如：
Neither you nor he is right. 你和他都不對(duì)。（連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞為is）
Neither he nor we have any doubt of it. 他不懷疑這件事，我們也不懷疑。（連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞為have）
I have neither time nor money. 我沒(méi)有時(shí)間，也沒(méi)有錢。
4. And in the end he did land us safe .... 最后他的確把我們平安地送上了岸……
解析：1)in the end與finally, at last都可作“最后”解，但用法有所不同。finally有兩個(gè)用法：一個(gè)在列舉事物或論點(diǎn)時(shí)，可用來(lái)引出最后一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容；二是用在句中動(dòng)詞前面，表示“等了好久才……”
We waited and waited, and the train finally arrived. 我們等了又等，火車終于來(lái)了。
at last 也可以用來(lái)表示“等候或耽誤了很多時(shí)間之后才……”，語(yǔ)氣比較強(qiáng)烈。
At last the work was done and he could rest. 最后，工作完成了，他可以休息了。
in the end 表示經(jīng)過(guò)許多變化、困難和捉摸不定的情況以后，某事才發(fā)生。in the end 相當(dāng)于at last 的用法和finally的第二用法。
They won in the end.最后他們贏了。
StepVI.Exercises:
A.Correct mistakes:
下面各句畫線部分是一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)把正確的表達(dá)形式寫出來(lái)
1.You are obviously a person with great courage.
分析：with改為of。有的同學(xué)先把此句譯成漢語(yǔ)，覺(jué)得很像China is a country with a long history。因此就套用。這里with意思是“具有，帶有”，而of 則表示“具有某種性質(zhì)、內(nèi)容、狀況等”。如：a man of ability 能干的人，a cup of tea 一杯茶。
2.For one moment I thought he was going to burst out tears.
分析：Out 改為into。burst 在這里有“突發(fā)”之意。應(yīng)注意英語(yǔ)中的固定短語(yǔ)：
burst into tears 放聲大哭 burst into laughter 突然大笑起來(lái)
burst into the room 闖進(jìn)房間來(lái) burst out crying 突然大哭起來(lái)
burst out laughing 突然大笑起來(lái)
3.The captain, as soon as he realized the situation, took charge of .
分析：去掉of。take charge 意思是“掌管，負(fù)責(zé)，看管”。因?yàn)閠ake charge of 意思是“掌管（負(fù)責(zé)，看管）……”。后面應(yīng)有賓語(yǔ)如：He took charge of editoring in the company.
4.Besides, my father was a sailor, and I want to know about all the places where he used to go to.
分析：去掉where 。本句where 引導(dǎo)的應(yīng)是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。有的同學(xué)一看見(jiàn)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，就選用關(guān)系副詞Where, 忽略了定語(yǔ)從句中缺的是介詞賓語(yǔ)（名詞），而不是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
B.Choose the correct answer:
1.Please get someone ______ the washing machine, I want to get it ______ as soon as possible．[D]
A．to repair; to be repaired B．repair; repaired
C．to repair; to be repaired D．to repair; repaired
2．I can't ______ you running up and down all day long．[C]
A．permit B．let C．have D．a(chǎn)llow
3．My father ______ such a thing．[D]
A．can't say B．could't say C．may not say D．can't have said
4．----Who told you about Dad's illness? [D]
----The doctor in ______．
A．connection B．turn C．pubilc D．charge
5．She ______ when I go to see her．[A]
A．is always working B．a(chǎn)lways worked
C．has always worked D．was always working
聽(tīng)力完形教案
I.Listen for three times and finish filling the blanks.（It can help Ss concentrate on listening.）
Down the well!
You are going to listen to a story which happened in a village.The story is told by Jack,who worked on a farm.
It was an evening in October,1920.I was up at the top part of the farm looking after the horses.
Everyone else had gone home for their tea,and I was the only one around. I’d given the horses their food and I needed to pump up some water.I went over to the well and stood on the wooden cover and took the iron handle in my hands. It was always a hard job to get the pump going and I set to work as hard as I could. After working the pump handle a few times, there was a luod noise and the cover broke. No warning at all! It disappeared under my feet and I followed it,down the well!It was a frightening fall, I can tell you,going down into the darkness.The rough stones on the sides of the well tore my shirt and tore the skin off my back.Crash! I landed at the bottom with my legs either side of a metal bar that ran across the bottom of the well just a couple of feet above the water. The pain was so great that everything went black for a few minutes.A bit later I looked up to the top of the well. I could see a circle of light and the evening sky above it .There was a face at the top of the well,making little noises. It was my dog Teg.I shouted at it”Go and get help!”but it didn’t move.I shouted once or twice but I knew no one would be up here before morning. I had to climb out by myself. Luckily the sides of the well were rough enough for me to climb, and I pulled myself up the water pipe that ran down the side of the well.I got to the top and managed to walk home.When I woke up, the doctor was at my bedside.
II．完形填空
Billy is fourteen fears old and in the ninth grade. He has a 1 job which gets him _2__ every morning at five o'clock. He is a newspaper boy.
Each morning, Billy 3 the house at 5:15 to go to the corner 4 the newspapers are. The newspapers were delivered to the corner by truck at midnight. He always takes a wagon （手推車）to carry them.
In the 5 it is still dark when he gets up, but during he rest of the year it is 6 . Billy must deliver the newspapers to the houses of people on his route 7 all kinds of weather. He tries to put each 8 on the porch （門廊）where it will be protected from wind and rain or snow. His 9 think he does a good job. Sometimes they give him tips.
Billy 10 about $ 70 per month, and he is 11 some of the money to go to college. He spends the rest 12 records and clothes. Once a month, he has to 13 money from his customers. Since many of them work during the day, Billy has to collect the money 14 .Sometimes, when Billy is 15 , his older brother has to 16 the newspapers. Once Billy's father had to help.
Billy has seventy customers now, 17 he hopes to get more soon. Some day, if he gets 18 more customers, Billy might win a prize for being an outstanding （杰出的）newspaper boy. He wants to win a 19 to Europe, but he will also be happy 20 he wins a new bicycle.
1．A. full-time B. strange C. good D. part-time
［解析］首句交代Billy是一中學(xué)生，所以推斷出他只能是“半工半讀”。
答案：D
2．A. to carry papers B. to go to work
C. to go to school D. up
［解析］從下文看，Billy五點(diǎn)一刻出門，那么五點(diǎn)鐘只能是“起床”的時(shí)間，不可能干另外三項(xiàng)事。答案：D
3．A. leaves B. reached C. left D. reaches
［解析］由下文to the corner 可知此處為“離家”；由全文時(shí)態(tài)背景判斷應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。答案：A
4．A. that B. where C. which D. whether
［解析］關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明取報(bào)的地點(diǎn)。答案：B
5．A. east B. winter C. morning D. summer
［解析］由常識(shí)推測(cè)，又從下文the rest of the year 可知此處指一年中天亮得最晚的冬季。
答案：B
6．A. light B. cloudy C. sunny D. cold
［解析］表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故選dark的反義詞 light。答案：A
7．A. by B. on C. in D. with 答案：C
8．A. paper B. magazine C. letter D. newspapers
［解析］既為送報(bào)，又有each,自然選paper。答案：A
9．A. teachers B. parents C. bosses D. customers
［解析］與下空聯(lián)系起來(lái)看：顧客給小費(fèi)。 答案：D
10．A. earns B. saves C. spends D. pays 答案：A
11．A. borrowing B. collecting C. making D. saving
［解析］應(yīng)了解西方青年主張自主，自己存錢上大學(xué)這類常情。答案：D
12．A. in B. at C. to D. on 答案：D
13．A. give B. borrow C. collect D. seize
［解析］每月上門收款；下文也有提示。答案：C
14．A. in the morning B. at night C. in the afternoon D. at noon
［解析］與上文during the day 相對(duì)照。 答案：B
15．A. sick B. angry C. at school D. sad
［解析］從全文可知Billy是個(gè)好報(bào)童，只有“生病”才可能是他中斷送報(bào)的原因。
答案：A
16．A. carry B. collect C. deliver D. sell 答案：C
17．A. thus B. but C. so D. for
［解析］認(rèn)為已有70名顧客還不夠……，此處為轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣. 答案：B
18．A. much B. even C. many D. still
［解析］more后為復(fù)數(shù)名詞customers，故用many。 答案：C
19．A. trip B. car C. bicycle D. job
［解析］最后這兩句說(shuō)明，Billy如當(dāng)上an outstanding newspaper boy（最佳報(bào)童），則可能得到a prize；a trip to Europe，也可能是a new bicycle。 答案：A
20．A. because B. whether C. unless D. if
［解析］ 此處并非確有其事，只是假設(shè)。 答案：D
探究活動(dòng)
Premier Zhu Rongji is meeting the press in the Great Hall of the People Friday morning and will answer questions on domestic(國(guó)內(nèi)的) and international issues（事件）.
The press conference（記者招待會(huì)）, held by the just－concluded Fifth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress（五屆人大五次會(huì)議）, is expected（預(yù)計(jì)） to last about one hour.
Three teenagers seek advice from a woman doctor at the teenager clinic on March 2. The clinic, attached to（隸屬于） the Beijing No. 2 Hospital, was the first one in China for teenagers to cater to （滿足） their special needs, and people under the age of 23 will be taught rudiments（初步） on physiological growth, making friends of opposite sex, pregnancy（懷孕） and safe sex（性安全）.
A person of great determination