考研英語真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析(十一)

時間：2023-04-29 16:56:41 考研英語我要投稿

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Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close。

考研英語真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析(十一)

As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone。

But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world。”

Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries。

What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it。

26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in

[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction。

[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry。

[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.

[D]the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.

27. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means

[A]programs. [B]experts. [C]devices. [D]creatures。

28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can

[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery。

[B]interact with human beings verbally。

[C]have a little common sense。

[D]respond independently to a changing world。

29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also

[A]make a few decisions for themselves。

[B]deal with some errors with human intervention。

[C]improve factory environments。

[D]cultivate human creativity。

30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are

[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure。

[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately。

[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information。

[D]best used in a controlled environment。

名師解析

26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in 人類的創(chuàng)造性最初表現(xiàn)在

[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction. 用機器來創(chuàng)作科幻小說。

[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. 制造業(yè)對機器的廣泛使用。

[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work。

發(fā)明工具以處理困難和危險的工作。

[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work。

精英人士對危險和枯燥的工作的巧妙的處理。

【答案】 C

【考點】事實細節(jié)題。

【分析】通過“Human ingenuity”和“initially”可以定位到第一段開始�！皬娜祟惍a(chǎn)生智慧初期至今，人們一直在設計越來越巧妙的工具來應付那些危險的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是骯臟的工作�！庇捎谥v的是人類最初的創(chuàng)造力，因此可以排除[A]、[B]、[D]。

27. The word “gizmos" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means

單詞“gizmos”(第二段第一行)最有可能的意思是

[A]programs. 程序。 [B]experts. 專家。

[C]devices. 設備。 [D]creatures. 生物。

【答案】 C

【考點】詞義題。

【分析】本題雖然考查的是詞義，但是顯然不是希望考生通過儲備更大的詞匯來回答，而是希望考生能夠利用文中出現(xiàn)的細節(jié)來推斷這個單詞的意思。第二段第一句的意思說“由此引起的結果是，現(xiàn)代世界已經(jīng)充斥著越來越多的智能____，盡管我們幾乎都注意不到它們，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞力�！比缓笞髡咛峒暗搅恕肮S機械手”、“自動柜員機”以及“機器人駕駛員”等等。由此我們可以認定這些設施都是對“gizmo”的例舉和解釋。而這幾樣東西具有一個共同的特征，即它們都是“工具”。相比四個選項，只有[C]最合適。

28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can

根據(jù)本文，現(xiàn)在超越人類能力范圍的是設計一種能________的機器人。

[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery。

完成諸如腦手術這樣的精細的工作。

[B] interact with human beings verbally。

與人類進行口頭交流。

[C] have a little common sense。

有一些常識。

[D] respond independently to a changing world。

對一個變化的世界獨立應付。

【答案】 D

【考點】事實細節(jié)題。

【分析】根據(jù)“超越人類能力”這個關鍵信息，我們可以定位到第三段中“Dave Lavery”的第二句話，即“we can’t yet give a robot enough‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world”。因為該句中的“dynamic”就是“動態(tài)的、變化的”意思，因此我們可以判定答案[D]是正確的。[A]文中已經(jīng)提及。[B]的例子就是“自動柜員機”。[C]可以在第三段最后一句“我們不能給他足夠的常識”中找到被排除的依據(jù)。

29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also

除了減少人類勞動，機器人還能夠

[A]make a few decisions for themselves。為自己做幾個決策。

[B]deal with some errors with human intervention。通過人類干預處理一些錯誤。

[C]improve factory environments. 改善工廠環(huán)境。

[D]cultivate human creativity。培養(yǎng)人的創(chuàng)造性。

【答案】 B

【考點】事實細節(jié)題。

【分析】本題要求考生尋找機器人還能夠從事什么工作，這就需要對四個選項進行比較。尋找答案。[A]提到機器人能夠為自己做幾個決策，通過“decision”這個單詞可以定位到第三段第一句話“但是如果機器人要進入節(jié)省勞力的下一個階段，他們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運行，并且至少能夠獨立地做一些決定”，這句話表明，目前機器人還不能獨立做一些決定。[B]的意思符合第三段第三句，“雖然我們知道如何讓機器人去糾正一個特定的錯誤”。至于[C]，文中提到機器人是受環(huán)境控制的，而不是反之。[D]的說法也反了。

30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are

作者使用猴子的例子，為的是說機器人

[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure。

被期望復制人腦內(nèi)部結構。

[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately。

能夠立即覺察到不正常情況。

[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information。

在聚焦相關信息方面遠遠不如人類。

[D] best used in a controlled environment。

最適合在受控環(huán)境下使用。

【答案】 C

【考點】作者意圖題。