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談?wù)効佳杏⒄Z長難句中的否定
否定并不是考研英語中高頻的考點(diǎn)，但是卻是難點(diǎn)之一。否定的錯(cuò)誤理解，導(dǎo)致了整個(gè)句子的錯(cuò)誤翻譯，是非常常見的。實(shí)用英語語法英語中的否定句
1) 一般否定句
I don’t know this. No news is good news. There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house.
2)特指否定
He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don’t think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.
3)部分否定
I don’t know all of them. I can’t see everybody/everything. All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都對(duì)。） All is not gold that glitters. （閃光的不一定都是金子。） Both of them are not right.（并非兩人都對(duì)。）
4)全體否定
None of my friends smoke. I can see nothing/nobody. Nothing can be so simple as this. Neither of them is right.
5) 延續(xù)否定
You didn’t see him, neither/nor did I. You don’t know, I don’t know either. He doesn’t know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French.
6) 半否定句
We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I know little English. I saw few people.
7) 雙重否定
You can’t make something out of nothing. What’s done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat. No gain without pains. I can’t help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it. No man is so old but (that) he can learn.
8)排除否定
Everyone is ready except you. He did nothing but play. But for your help, I couldn’t do it.
9)加強(qiáng)否定
I won’t do it at all. I can’t see it any more. He is no longer a boy
那么在否定中最難的就是雙重否定和否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
1. There exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
以上這個(gè)句子就是典型的雙重否定句型，在小學(xué)語文中，我們就學(xué)過，雙重否定表肯定，所以，這個(gè)句子真正的是在強(qiáng)調(diào)要肯定的東西。直譯為：“世界上不存在無能表達(dá)復(fù)雜想法的語言和方言�！边M(jìn)一步翻譯為：“世界上任何語言和方言都能表達(dá)復(fù)雜的想法�！�
2. Without accepting new techniques, there will be no great increase in labor productivity.
不采用新技術(shù)，就不能大幅度提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。
否定轉(zhuǎn)移在考研試題中還沒有出現(xiàn)，但是卻是英語中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。值得大家的注意：
3. Don’t cry because it is over, but smile because it happened.
這個(gè)句子含有否定和因果關(guān)系，先看因果關(guān)系之間的聯(lián)系是怎樣的，先翻譯原因，再翻譯結(jié)果，這個(gè)句子就比較簡單了。翻譯為“不要因?yàn)楦星榻Y(jié)束而傷心落淚，要因?yàn)樵?jīng)經(jīng)歷而微笑面對(duì)。 ”
有時(shí)看似否定的結(jié)構(gòu)，卻表達(dá)其他的意義，比如no more…than，not any more than等其實(shí)是表達(dá)比較的概念。
4. The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
心和胃一樣不能思維，都受大腦支配。（“no more…than翻譯成漢語“和……一樣不”）
5. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
他們沒有理由限定你吃多少維生素，就如同他們不能限定你喝多少水一樣。
6. It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.
與其說他輸了比賽是多次被擊中，不如說是自己缺乏斗志。（“not so much…as”翻譯成“與其說……，不如說……”）
還有個(gè)別詞匯也表示否定的意義，如last等。
7. He is the last person I want to see in the world.
他是這個(gè)世界上我最不愿意見到的人。
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