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三大復習經驗完勝考研英語新題型
研究生入學考試中，英語新題型對同學們來說，無疑是一大難點。一篇長度在500字左右的文章，5個句子空缺，7個選擇項，要求考生從7個順序錯亂的選擇項中選出5個合適在文中空白處的句子，每題賦分2分，和閱讀理解部分的每小題賦分相當，這在一定程度上也說明了出題者對這種題型的重視。事實上，這種題型看似有一定的難度，只要同學們掌握適當?shù)膽嚰记�，拿到高分不是沒有可能。這種新題型考查考生在語篇角度上對全文脈絡的把握，能有效地測試考生語意連貫性和對行文思路的把握程度，它需要考生對上下文意思準確理解后，從大意的角度進行迅速匹配，看似簡單實則不易，因此倍受出題者青睞。從考生角度，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種題型不是單純考察一個語言點或某一個語言現(xiàn)象，而是針對英文行文的連貫性對考生進行英語水平測試，要求考生有很好的“語感”，能夠“既見樹木又見森林”，從考生答題的情況來看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)考生對這種題目的解答極不理想，往往一個選錯導致“全軍覆沒”，很多考生一拿到這樣的題目就被文章支離破碎的篇章結構弄得“云里霧里”不知所云，再看看增加的干擾項和順序錯亂的選擇項更加心煩意亂，考場上時間緊迫，很多考生“看花了眼”，匆匆“大筆一揮”了事�？缈冀逃⒄Z教研室楊老師針對這種現(xiàn)象，下文面以一份往年的中國科學院博士研究生入學考試英語試題（保留試題題號，有些詞語的中文釋義為作者我所加）為例，針對這種類型的題目做了一些剖析，總結了三個實踐經驗，幫助正在準備碩士研究生英語考試的考生順利攻克難關。
The Bush crowd bristles（發(fā)怒） at the use of the "Q-word" – quagmire（沼澤） - to describe American involvement in Iraq. But with our soldiers fighting and dying with no end in sight, who can deny that Mr. Bush has gotten us into "a situation from which extrication（救出，解脫） is very difficult," which is a standard definition of quagmire?
More than 1,730 American troops have already died in Iraq.__66__.She was one of six service members, including four women, who were killed when a suicide bomber struck their convoy in Falluja last week.
With evidence mounting that U.S. troop strength in Iraq was inadequate, Mr. Bush told reporters at the White House, "There are some who feel that the conditions are such that they can attack us there. My answer is, Bring 'em on."
__67_ . A New Jersey Democrat, was quoted in The Washington Post as saying: "I am shaking my head in disbelief. When I served in the Army in Europe during World War II, I never heard any military commander - let alone the commander in chief - invite enemies to attack U.S. troops."
__68__."We've learned that Iraqis are courageous and that they need additional skills," said Mr. Bush in his television address. "And that is why a major part of our mission is to train them so they can do the fighting, and then our troops can come home."
Don't hold your breath. __69__.
Whether one agreed with the launch of this war or not - and I did not - the troops doing the fighting deserve to be guided by leaders in Washington who are at least minimally competent at waging war.__70__.
A. It was an immature display of street-corner machismo that appalled（驚駭）people familiar with the agonizing ordeals（嚴酷的考驗） of combat.
B. The American death toll in Iraq at that point was about 200,but it was clear that a vicious opposition was developing.
C.This is another example of the administration's inability to distinguish between a strategy and a wish.
D..Some were little more than children when they signed up（簽約雇用） for the armed forces, like Ramona Valdez, who grew up in the Bronx and was just 17 when she joined the Marines.
E.The latest fantasy out of Washington is that American-trained Iraqi forces will ultimately be able to do what the American forces have not: defeat the insurgency and pacify Iraq
F.That has not been the case, which is why we can expect to remain stuck in this tragic quagmire for the foreseeable future.”
上面這段文字摘自網站上一名美國議員針對駐伊美軍發(fā)表的個人看法， 言辭犀利，直中要害。文章的第一句話點題，后文節(jié)節(jié)展開，句式和文字都有一定的難度，要做好該題并不容易。
經驗一：前瞻后顧仰，尋找“信號詞”，回到選擇項中篩選。首先我們看第66題，“前瞻后顧仰”，我們要上下文看看，前文講“多于1730個美國士兵已在伊拉克身亡”，下文講“她是6個服務人員之一，這些服務人員包括4名婦女”，這樣一來，我們可推測中間的那句話應該是在說駐伊美軍中的服務人員的傷亡情況的，再尋找“信號詞”，下文“She was one of six service members”，按照英文行文的邏輯和順序，我們可以推測空缺的那段話應該是講“She”，即介紹服務人員的狀況的，我們回到選擇項，迅速掃描，逐一排查，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)只有D選項在說明“She”的狀況，而且后半句有明顯的“she joined the Marines”，兩個“She”呈現(xiàn)“首尾呼應”，因此可確立為正確選擇項。
解答這類型的題目，尋找“信號詞”是關鍵，很多題目找到了對應的“信號詞”就如同找到了答案，而文章中的“信號詞”往往是高頻詞，即在上下文中這個詞語出現(xiàn)的頻率較高，這些高頻詞詞性一般是名詞，代詞等，例如上文中的代詞“She”，在上下文中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高。但要注意英文的特點就是避免重復而一些高頻詞語往往由同義取代，例如：前文出現(xiàn)idea，后文緊接著就是“this opinion”，我們要明白這說的是一個意思，這要求考生有一定的文字積累功底。雖然高頻詞就是信號詞，但是我們不能一看到高頻詞就選擇，例1（2006年3月份的中國科學院博士研究生入學考試英語試題，下同）：Francois Jacob wrote that “an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge than by the nature of the question it puts forward”. This statement reveals that the nature of an epoch or civilization is decided by the things that are thought about rather than the things that are already known..劃線的部分曾經作為選擇項出現(xiàn)在考題中（下同），其實我們可以視statement為信號詞，雖然在上文沒有出現(xiàn)，但是statement指代前文Francois Jacob說的話。例2：The Virginia Slim Opinion Poll has chronicled that change in nation surveys conducted six times since 1970. Together, these surveys provide a comprehensive picture of women’s changing status, and of their views of the future.，其實劃線部分也沒有“信號詞”，我們不能看見其他選擇項中有“Poll”（原題A項有Poll）就以為是“信號詞”而“眉毛頭發(fā)胡子一把抓”，這關鍵要看后面表達的意思是否和前文一致，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)survey和statement相似充當信號詞角色，指代上文的Slim Opinion Poll。這說明我們不能單純注重信號詞，還有聯(lián)系意思整體看，另外我們要有“某某一句話就是statement”，“一個Poll 就可得出survey”的常識和推理能力。
經驗二：濃縮句意，意義匹配，整體把握。第67題，這一題較上題偏難，同理，我們看下文，下文大意是說新澤西的一個參加過“二戰(zhàn)”的民主黨人對美國軍方邀請敵人攻擊自己的部隊產生懷疑，這要求我們有高度的概括能力和語篇駕馭能力，要能在極短的時間內反應出這句話意思才能在考場上贏得時間，然后和后文聯(lián)系，這題的“信號詞”可能比較難找，如果你不認識“disbelief”就更難了，但是大意說的是懷疑，即“disbelief”，一種虛假的行為給人造成的懷疑，所以應該推測上文講的就是虛假，迅速回到選擇項中定位，我們看見只有A在說虛假是意思，里面有“immature display”，而且要注意A項的后半部分說的意思，它說的是“ordeals”，這個意思和下文的“美國軍方邀請敵人攻擊自己的部隊”說的一致，在意義上相匹配，所以我們確定正確選擇是A。英語的句型復雜，有強調句，從句等，其實這些句型中就包含了很多“障眼”的信息，給我們的理解造成一定的困難，所以這個時候我們就要濃縮句意，句子越精簡越好，選擇項也是這樣。例如第67題，下文迅速精簡為disbelief，invite enemies to attack U.S. troops，選擇項精簡為display，ordeals of combat，然后進行意義匹配，發(fā)現(xiàn)上下文很吻合，這要求我們有很好的語感的篇章把握能力。
同理，我們來做第68題，下文可以精簡為train Iraqis fighting, our troops can come home.，逐一排查選擇項，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)E項可以濃縮為Iraqi forces defeat the insurgency and pacify Iraq，這在意義上是順延的，很通順流暢。解答這些題目的關鍵是濃縮，這要求我們對句子結構有深刻的理解，對大意有明確
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