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考研英語 語法重難點精解 動詞
動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞,根據(jù)其意義和作用,動詞可分為實義動詞、系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。動詞涉及的內(nèi)容很多,本書僅就研究生考試中常涉及的動詞時態(tài)、時態(tài)一致以及部分情態(tài)動詞作深入講解。
一、時態(tài)(Tense)
時態(tài)是表示動作發(fā)生的時間和表現(xiàn)方式的一種動詞形式,英語動詞的時態(tài)有16種,但在研究生考試以及其他考試中?嫉臅r態(tài)只有幾種。不管何種時態(tài),所包含的主要內(nèi)容都是相同的,即時態(tài)的構(gòu)成以及用法。本書著重講解重要時態(tài)的用法。
(一)一般現(xiàn)在時(Simple Present Tense)
1. 表示客觀真理或科學(xué)事實。
例句: The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moon?s surface is only one?sixth of that at the earth?s surface.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修飾a mass;in consequence后是另一個并列句。
譯文: 月球的質(zhì)量差不多是地球質(zhì)量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。
例句: One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. By this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (2001年第8題)
分析: 該句由兩個句子構(gòu)成,前一個是簡單句,后一個句子是復(fù)合句;that后是一賓語從句。
譯文: 翻譯中的一個難點在于找到一個相對應(yīng)的概念。這就是說,在翻譯過程中一種語言的概念會丟失或發(fā)生意義上的改變。
2. 表示現(xiàn)在反復(fù)發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作以及存在的狀態(tài),常與always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等時間狀語連用。
例句: It?s usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位語;when后省略了people are。
譯文: 人們在暴怒時通常會喪失理智。
例句: Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (選自2003年Text 4)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分為physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分詞短語frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定語;從句what is scientifically justified作介詞beyond 的賓語。
譯文: 醫(yī)生由于不能夠治愈疾病,同時又擔(dān)心病人失去希望,因而常常采用極端大膽的治療方法,這些方法遠遠超過了科學(xué)所能認同的界限。
3. 表示按計劃進行的將來動作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等詞。
例句: When he comes, please inform him of all that I have just told you.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。該復(fù)合句中包含when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句和that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
譯文: 他來時,請轉(zhuǎn)告他我告訴你的一切。
4. 用在時間或條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作。
例句: He will come the moment he finishes his work.
分析: 該句中的the moment為連詞,意為“一……就”,相當(dāng)于as soon as。
譯文:他一結(jié)束工作就會來。
例句: If it is fine tomorrow, we?ll go shopping.
譯文: 如果明天天氣好的話,我們將去逛商場。
5. 表示主語的能力、性格、個性等。
例句: As an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (2001年第25題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,surpass前省略了不定式to。
譯文: 作為一門產(chǎn)業(yè),生物技術(shù)在營業(yè)額上可以與電子業(yè)相媲美,并且到了2020年還有可能在社會影響上超過它。
例句: The director treats his staff as equals.
譯文: 主任對其下屬一視同仁。
6. 表示格言或警句。
例句: A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
譯文: 一個籬笆三個樁,一個好漢三個幫。
例句: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.
譯文: 讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,倫理使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯。
(二)現(xiàn)在完成時(Present Perfect Tense)
1. 已完成用法: 表示動作在過去某一不明確的時間已完成,強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,這一用法常不帶時間狀語或可與不明確的`時間狀語連用,如: already,yet,ever,just,never。
例句: I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (2006年第48題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。在because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中又加入了由while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 我之所以將他(普通科學(xué)家)排除在外,是因為盡管他的成果可能有助于解決道德問題,但他承擔(dān)的任務(wù)只不過是研究這些問題的事實方面。
例句:The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (選自2011年Text 3)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。主句的主干部分是The same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk。that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices是一個定語從句,修飾changes;that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible, and much more damaging ways是risk的同位語從句,介詞短語in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways在該同位語從句中作狀語,表示方式,修飾謂語動詞voice。
譯文:同樣是這些重大的技術(shù)變革,在給營銷商帶來更多的(以及更多樣化的)傳播渠道選擇的同時,也增加了風(fēng)險,那就是熱情洋溢的消費者將會以更快、更明顯和更具破壞性的方式表達他們的觀點。
2. 未完成用法: 表示動作從過去某時開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,還有可能持續(xù)下去,強調(diào)持續(xù)性,這一用法要帶表示一段時間的狀語,如: recently, these days, for 3 years, since 2000, over the past等。
例句: For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 比如,人們早已知道,完全剝奪其睡眠對老鼠而言絕對是致命的。然而,在檢驗動物尸體時,那些動物看起來是完全正常的。
例句: Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (選自2002年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句中定語從句that is dangerous,boring,burdensome...修飾work, since...在句中作狀語。
譯文: 自從人類具有了獨創(chuàng)性以來,人們就發(fā)明了愈加精巧的工具來處理那些危險、無聊、麻煩或者僅僅是令人討厭的工作。
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時用于時間或條件狀語從句中表示將來完成的動作。
例句: I?ll help you when I have finished my work. I will return the book if I have finished it.
4. 下列表達方式后要用現(xiàn)在完成時。
This (That/It) is the first (second...)...
This (That/It) is the best (finest/worst/most interesting...)...
例句: This is the first time that China has had such negotiations with a G?7 member, the official said.
譯文: 該官員說,這是中國與七國集團成員首次進行這樣的談判。
例句: This is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months.
譯文: 幾個月來他第一次真正感到放松。
注意: 如果主句動詞表示過去時間,從句常用過去完成時;如果主句動詞表示將來時間,從句仍使用現(xiàn)在完成時。
例句: It was the best picture that she had seen.
It will be the best picture that she has seen.
5. 有些時間狀語常用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。
如:
up till nowso farat (for) the past (last) years
in recent yearsup to present
例句: For the past several years, the Sunday Newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn&rdq
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