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考研英語語法難點精解之分詞
充當(dāng)補足語
1.賓語補足語
現(xiàn)在分詞常放在感官動詞see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, find后以及使役動詞get, have, keep, set, send, leave后作賓語補足語。
過去分詞常放在see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order等詞后作賓語補足語。
例句: My students found the book enlightening:it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(1997年第24題)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號后內(nèi)容對其前內(nèi)容做進一步說明。
譯文: 我的學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有啟發(fā)性,因為它向?qū)W生提供了這一科目的大量信息。
例句: Canada?s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce heath?care costs.(選自2005年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為Canada?s premiers might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce heath?care costs;after complaining about...的完整形式為after they are complaining about...。
譯文: 加拿大省府的官員們?nèi)绻?月下旬年會上對中央政府大發(fā)牢騷之后還有力氣的話,他們應(yīng)該花一點時間來做一些實事,盡量減少健康福利的支出。
2.主語補足語
把主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài),原先主動語態(tài)中的賓語補足語也相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。
例句: I was left wondering what he was driving at by his equivocal remark.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。what he was driving at作wondering的賓語,wondering作主語補足語成分,其中短語drive at意為“企圖,意圖,暗示”。
譯文: 他模棱兩可的言語不禁使我納悶:他到底是啥意思。
例句: I am kept informed by Professor Richard of the latest developments in genetic engineering in his country.
分析: 該句是簡單句。短語keep sb. informed of意為“使某人了解或掌握某事”。
譯文: 理查德教授給我講解了他的國家基因工程的最新進展。
(四)充當(dāng)狀語
分詞作狀語是分詞重要用法,可以表示時間、原因、方式、條件、讓步、結(jié)果和伴隨情況,分詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語(表示分詞動作發(fā)出者,是隱含的)與句子主語保持一致,否則就會產(chǎn)生懸垂或蕩空結(jié)構(gòu)。
因此得出分詞作狀語的公式,即:分詞(短語)+主謂。在該公式中,“分詞(短語)”與“主謂”位置比較靈活,可以前后調(diào)換,“主謂”為一完整句子,該句的主語與“分詞(短語)”的邏輯主語保持一致,另外,分詞在句中作狀語,可以根據(jù)所表示內(nèi)容的不同將其改為相應(yīng)狀語從句。
例句: Having read for a long time, his eyes felt uncomfortable.
分析: 句中having read是分詞短語作狀語表示原因,而該句主語his eyes并不能作它的邏輯主語,即產(chǎn)生懸垂或蕩空結(jié)構(gòu),所以應(yīng)改為:Having read for a long time (because he had read for a long time), he felt uncomfortable/he felt his eyes uncomfortable.
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞短語having read for a long time在句中作狀語表示原因。
譯文: 由于長時間看書,他感到眼睛不舒服。
例句: Changing from solid to liquid(When water changes from...),water takes in heat from all substance near it, and this absorption produces artificial cold surrounding it.
(1996年第29題)
分析: 該句是并列句。介詞短語from all substance near it在句中作狀語,表示范圍(地點),分詞短語changing from solid to liquid在句中作狀語,表示時間。
譯文: 水從固態(tài)變成液態(tài)時,吸收它周圍所有物質(zhì)的熱量,而這種吸收造成了它周圍的非自然低溫狀態(tài)。
例句: Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system, leaving(and this leaves)a person more liable to infection.
(2000年第20題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞leaving a person...在句中作狀語表示結(jié)果。
譯文: 持續(xù)不斷地處于緊張狀態(tài)已經(jīng)被證明與免疫系統(tǒng)功能下降有關(guān),這樣會使人更容易受到感染。
例句: At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. (選自2009年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干是the brain shuts down half of that capacity,分詞短語preserving only...作狀語,表示伴隨, that have seemed...是一個修飾modes of thought的定語從句,介詞短語during the first decade or so of life是定語從句中的時間狀語。
譯文: 然而,在人類青春期過后,大腦就會關(guān)閉一半的這種能力,僅僅保留那些在人生最初十幾年中看起來最有價值的思維模式。
另外,為了明確表示時間、條件、讓步等,有時可在分詞前加when,while,if,though等連詞。
例句: More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non?English?speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best?practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry?s work. (選自2009年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干是the researchers discovered that...,that后是discovered 的賓語從句,while examining housing construction是時間狀語從句,相當(dāng)于while researchers were examining...,介詞短語despite the complexity of...作讓步狀語。
譯文: 最近,在檢查房屋建設(shè)時,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管建筑行業(yè)工作的復(fù)雜性很高,但是在得克薩斯州的休斯敦市,那些沒受過教育、不會講英語的墨西哥工人總是可以達到勞動生產(chǎn)率的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
例句: Though raised in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small?town life.
分析: 該句是簡單句。Though raised in...在句中作狀語表示讓步,相當(dāng)于從句Though he was raised in...。
譯文: 盡管戴夫·米切爾出生在舊金山長大,但他總是喜歡記錄小鎮(zhèn)平凡的生活。
例句: When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.” (選自2007年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。what they want to do作asked的賓語,When asked...相當(dāng)于When they are asked...。
譯文: 當(dāng)問及他們將來想干什么時,應(yīng)當(dāng)阻止他們回答說“我還沒想好。”
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