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2024考研英語(yǔ)：真題演練如何做閱讀
在剛開始進(jìn)行閱讀練習(xí)時(shí)，大家可以先分句翻譯，然后根據(jù)上下文與段落整體邏輯進(jìn)行整合串聯(lián)。下面就給舉幾個(gè)真題的段落供大家練習(xí)并進(jìn)行解析。
考研英語(yǔ)：真題演練如何做閱讀 1
【真題例舉】
Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy， with a glass thats perpetually half fall. But thats exactly the kind of falsecheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldnt recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar， a Harvard professor， According to Ben-Shahar， realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen， but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag， after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner； some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction， He analyzes the weak lecture， leaning lessons， for the future about what works and what doesnt. Finally， there is perspective， which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life， one lecture really doesnt matter.
【參考譯文】
大多數(shù)人愿意把樂觀定義為無(wú)盡的歡樂，就像一只總是裝著半杯水的杯子。但那是一種絕不會(huì)為積極心理學(xué)家所稱道的虛假的快樂。哈佛大學(xué)的Tal Ben-Shahar教授說，“健康的樂觀主義意味著要處于現(xiàn)實(shí)之中�！痹贐en-Shahar看來，現(xiàn)實(shí)的.樂觀主義者會(huì)因勢(shì)利導(dǎo)，而非求全責(zé)備。
Ben-Shahar會(huì)使用三種樂觀的方法。比如說，當(dāng)他進(jìn)行了一次糟糕的演講感到心情郁悶的時(shí)候，他會(huì)告訴自己這是很正常的事。他會(huì)提醒自己：并不是每一次演講都可以獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)，總會(huì)有一些人的演講效果不及其他人。其次是進(jìn)行重構(gòu)。他分析效果不好的演講并且從那些起作用和不起作用的演講中吸取教訓(xùn)為將來做準(zhǔn)備。最后，現(xiàn)在存在這樣一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，即在生活的宏偉計(jì)劃中，一次演講是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的。
【解析】
這兩段共10句話。其中，定語(yǔ)從句有5個(gè)，并列句有3個(gè)，賓語(yǔ)從句有5個(gè)，狀語(yǔ)從句有1個(gè)。
定語(yǔ)從句：
1）the kind of false cheerfulness（先行詞）that（引導(dǎo)詞）positive psychologists wouldn‘t recommend
2）those（先行詞）who（引導(dǎo)詞）make the best of things that happen
3）the best of things（先行詞）that（引導(dǎo)詞）happen
4）those（先行詞）who（引導(dǎo)詞）believe everything happens for the best
5）there is perspective（先行詞），which（引導(dǎo)詞）involves acknowledging
并列句：
1）But that‘s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness…（轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）
2）are those who…， but not those who…（表語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）
3）about what works and what doesn‘t（介詞賓語(yǔ)的并列關(guān)系）
賓語(yǔ)從句：
1）…believe（省略引導(dǎo)詞that）everything happens for the best.
2）…reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner（直接賓語(yǔ)為賓語(yǔ)從句）
3）about what（引導(dǎo)詞）works（介詞賓語(yǔ)從句）
4）and what（引導(dǎo)詞）doesn‘t（介詞賓語(yǔ)從句，省略about）
5）that（引導(dǎo)詞）in the ground scheme of life， one lecture really doesn‘t matter.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：
When he feels down—say， after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself…
大家在復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候，別忘了可以把這些長(zhǎng)難句中的好詞好句總結(jié)起來，英語(yǔ)作文說不定還會(huì)用到它們呢。
考研英語(yǔ)：真題演練如何做閱讀 2
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One of the simplest and best known kinds of crystal is the ionic salt, of which a typical example is sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt. The fundamental components of an ionic salt are ions: atoms or molecules that have become electrically charged by gaining or losing one more electrons. In forming sodium chloride, for example, sodium atoms give up an electron (thereby becoming positively charged) and chlorine atoms gain an electron (thereby becoming negatively charged). The ions are attracted to one another by their opposite charges, and they stack together compactly, like tightly packed spheres.
Recently, scientists at Michigan State University created a new kind of crystal called an electride. In electrides, the anions (negative ions) are completely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formed cavities within a framework of regularly stacked cations (positive ions). Electrides are the first examples of ionic salts in which all these anionic sites are occupied solely by electrons.
Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as if they were simple charged spheres. In particular, because of their low mass and their tendency to interact with one another over great distances, they cannot be “pinned down” to any one location. Instead, they wander close to and among the atoms lining the cavity and interact with electrons in nearby cavities, perhaps changing places with them.
The properties of an electride depend largely on the distance between the cavities that hold trapped electrons. When the trapped electrons are far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like an array of isolated negative charges. When they are closer together, they begin to display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles. When they are still closer, the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons “delocalize”: they are no longer tightly bound within individual cavities but are more or less free to pass through the spaces within the framework of positive ions.
By synthesizing electrides from a variety of materials, one can vary the geometry of the anionic cavities and their relation to the surrounding cations. The resulting properties may make it possible for electrides to become a basis for economically useful new materials and devices. For instance, because the electrons in some electrides are very weakly bound, these crystals could be effective as photosensitive detectors, in which an impinging photon liberates an electron, resulting in a small electric current. The same weak binding could also make electrides useful in solar energy converters and as cathodes in batteries. One obstacle is the tendency of electrides to decompose through reaction with air and water. Researchers are seeking ways to increase their stability.
1. The text is primarily concerned with discussing
[A] a way to isolate electrons.
[B] the characteristics of a new kind of crystal.
[C] the structure of an ionic salt.
[D] commercial uses for electrides.
2. In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory.
[B] describing how chlorine atoms can become negatively charged.
[C] describing some early research at Michigan State University.
[D] providing background for the technical discussion to follow.
3. According to the text, the defining characteristic of an electride is which of the following?
[A] Its positive are of particularly low mass.
[B] Its ions possess identical electrical charges.
[C] It contains a framework of regularly stacked ions.
[D] Its negative ions consist solely of electrons.
4. It can be inferred from the text that anions behaving as “simple charged spheres” (line 2, paragraph 3) could be expected to
[A] readily lose electrons and become positively charged.
[B] move freely in and out of their cavities.
[C] respond to photons by liberating electrons.
[D] remain fixed relative to their cations.
5. With which of the following statements regarding electrides would the author most likely agree?
[A] They have proven themselves to be of great commercial value.
[B] Their future commercial value is promising but uncertain.
[C] They are interesting but of no practical value.
[D] They have commercial value mainly in solar energy applications.
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