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考研英語(yǔ):語(yǔ)法(完成時(shí))

時(shí)間:2023-05-01 10:42:02 考研英語(yǔ) 我要投稿
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考研英語(yǔ):語(yǔ)法大全(完成時(shí))

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式

考研英語(yǔ):語(yǔ)法大全(完成時(shí))

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(Present perfect tense)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系,即用一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在的情況。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由動(dòng)詞have (has) +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法

  1)表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛完成,漢語(yǔ)常用“了”或“過(guò)”來(lái)表示。如:

  I have finished my work.我把工作做完了。

  We have set up many new factories in this area.我們?cè)谶@個(gè)地區(qū)建立了許多新工廠。

  She has read all these books.她把這些書都讀完了。

  2)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去完成,表示“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”或“結(jié)果”。漢語(yǔ)常用“過(guò)”來(lái)表示。如:

  Have you ever seen the play The Doll's House?你看過(guò)話劇《傀儡家庭》嗎?

  Yes,I have seen it twice.我看過(guò)兩遍了。

  I have learnt to drive.我學(xué)過(guò)開(kāi)車。

  The man has lived in China.那人在中國(guó)住過(guò)。

  注:注意be在下面句子中的意義。如:

  Where have you been? -I've been to the laboratory.你上哪兒去了?——到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去了。

  Have you ever been to Hangzhou?―No,I've never been there.你到過(guò)杭州嗎?——沒(méi)到過(guò)。

  How have you been?-I've been well thank you.你近來(lái)身體好嗎?——謝謝你,我近來(lái)很好。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去一般時(shí)的區(qū)別

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)都表示在過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作,但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果、影響等,而過(guò)去一般時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,一般不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較:

  1)I have lost my pen.我把鋼筆丟了。(意即還沒(méi)找到,現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有筆用。)

  She lost her pen yes today.她昨天把筆丟了。(筆是昨天丟的,現(xiàn)在找到與否,沒(méi)有說(shuō)明。)

  2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看過(guò)這個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)展覽會(huì)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)我知道它的內(nèi)容)

  I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.我上周參觀了這個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)展覽會(huì)。(只說(shuō)明我上周參觀過(guò)展覽會(huì)這件事)

  3) Who has opened the door?誰(shuí)把門開(kāi)了?(現(xiàn)在門還開(kāi)著)

  Who opened the door?誰(shuí)開(kāi)的門?(指過(guò)去,與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān),F(xiàn)在門是關(guān)著還是開(kāi)著,沒(méi)有說(shuō)明。)

  4) A:Have you had your lunch?你吃過(guò)年飯沒(méi)有?(意即你現(xiàn)在不餓嗎?)

  B:Yes,I have.吃了。(意即我現(xiàn)在飽了,不要再吃了。)

  A:When did you have it你什么時(shí)候吃的?(說(shuō)話人感興趣的是“吃”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在什么時(shí)候。)

  B:I had it about half an hour ago.我是大約半小時(shí)前吃的。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的其他用法

  1)還可表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。這時(shí)常和since所引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句或for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)連用(for有時(shí)可以省去)。

  How long have you been in Beijing ? -I have been in Beijing for four years.你在北京呆了多久?——我在北京呆了四年。

  Isaac's father has been a school teacher since 1968.艾薩克的父親從一九六八年以來(lái)就當(dāng)教師。

  We haven't had a vacation for a long time.我們好久沒(méi)放假了。

  Three years have passed since we left school.我們畢業(yè)已經(jīng)三年了。

  注:但在下面的句子中,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如:

  It is three years since I began to work on the state farm.我在國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作已經(jīng)三年了。(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)用has been,下例同此)

  It's a long time since I saw you last.好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)了。

  2)在條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作。

  I'll go with you when I have finished my home work,我做完作業(yè)后就和你一塊去。

  We'll wait here until you have Written the letter.我們將在這里等你寫完信。

  Perhaps I'll know more English after I have learnt it for two years.我學(xué)完兩午后,懂的英語(yǔ)或許就會(huì)多些了。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)問(wèn)題

  1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況,是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),因此不能和表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)如yesterday,1asr month,three years ago,in l960等連用。這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)只能和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用,表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的副詞just和before連用。如:

  He has just come.他剛到。

  We have seen the movie before,我們以前看過(guò)這個(gè)電影。

  2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和表示不確定的時(shí)間的副詞already,never,ever,always,yet,not……yet,often等連用。如:

  Have you ever been in a plane?你坐過(guò)飛機(jī)嗎?

  The new books have not arrived yet.新書還沒(méi)有到。

  The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese territory.西沙群島一直是中國(guó)的領(lǐng)土。

  Have you heard from him yet?你接到他的信了嗎?

  They have already finished their experiment.他們已經(jīng)做完試驗(yàn)了。

  Many westerners have never seen a giant panda.許多西方人從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)大熊貓。

  We have often been to the Summer Palace.我們常到頤和園去玩。

  3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如now,today,this month,this year等。如:

  We have planted many fruit trees this year.我們今年種了很多果樹(shù)。

  Have you seen Benny today?你今天見(jiàn)到本尼了嗎?

  We've had a lot of rain this summer.今年夏天雨下得很多。

  但如說(shuō)話人所感興趣的只是在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生了某一動(dòng)作,而不是這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系時(shí),須用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:

  The conference opened this month.會(huì)議是本月開(kāi)幕的。

  Their farm set up a pumping station this year.他們農(nóng)場(chǎng)今年新修了一個(gè)抽水站。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和疑問(wèn)副詞where,why,how連用,但通常不和疑問(wèn)副詞when連用

 。╳hen一般只與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用)。如:

  Where have you been?你去哪兒了?(詢問(wèn)經(jīng)過(guò)情況。如說(shuō)Where did you go?則只問(wèn)地點(diǎn))

  Why have you turned off the radio?你干嗎把收音機(jī)關(guān)了?(強(qiáng)調(diào)和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,意即收音機(jī)關(guān)著。如說(shuō)Why did you turn off the radio?則強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)收音機(jī)這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。)

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)(past perfect tense)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。簡(jiǎn)言之,過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間就是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。過(guò)去完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法

  1)過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by,before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如:

  By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons.到上周末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了十課書。

  He had learned some English before he came to the institute.他來(lái)學(xué)院之前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。

  I didn't go to the film because I had seen it twice.我沒(méi)去看電影,因?yàn)檫@片子我已看過(guò)兩次了。

  When I had gone over my lessons I took a rest.我復(fù)習(xí)完功課之后,休息了一會(huì)兒。

  I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her.我把給妹妹買的花送給她。

  In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before.他在展覽廳里見(jiàn)到許多過(guò)去從未見(jiàn)過(guò)的油畫。

  2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以表示由過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,常和for(有時(shí)可以省去)或since構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。如:

  It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.在天旱了好幾個(gè)月之后,昨天下雨了。

  By the I read his new book,I had known him for a long time.到我讀他的新書時(shí),我早就知道他了。

  He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since,1980.他說(shuō)7980年以來(lái)他的家鄉(xiāng)大變樣了。

  注:當(dāng)一個(gè)由when,before,after,as soon as等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作緊接時(shí),兩個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”來(lái)表示。如:

  We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操后,我們吃早飯。

  When I finished supper,I took a walk.我晚飯后就去散步。

  The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他到月臺(tái)時(shí)火車剛開(kāi)走。

  They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.他們一到地里就開(kāi)始耕地。

  將來(lái)完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式

  將來(lái)完成時(shí)(future perfect tense)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前所完成的動(dòng)作。它的形式由shall(第一人稱)或will(第二、三人稱)加have再加過(guò)去分詞所構(gòu)成。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)一律用will.

  將來(lái)完成時(shí)的用法

  將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一

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