克萊代表作《人類知識(shí)原理》中的觀念探析論文
中文摘要
觀念是貝克萊哲學(xué)中的兩大范疇之一。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)我國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)于貝克萊哲學(xué)缺乏確切的了解，多數(shù)人因?yàn)樨惪巳R哲學(xué)中“存在就是被感知”這一命題而將其哲學(xué)簡(jiǎn)單地歸為主觀唯心主義，而忽視其哲學(xué)中的合理性因素。本文主要通過(guò)對(duì)貝克萊早期哲學(xué)的代表作《人類知識(shí)原理》中的觀念進(jìn)行探析，指出貝克萊早期的.反抽象觀念論是堅(jiān)守洛克經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義立場(chǎng)的必然結(jié)果。而其后期由于受柏拉圖和亞里士多德以及笛卡爾思想的影響轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槔硇灾髁x立場(chǎng)。在后期著作當(dāng)中，他放棄了“觀念”而用“表象”一詞取而代之，由此體現(xiàn)出他的哲學(xué)中知識(shí)論的變化。
本文通過(guò)對(duì)文本的重讀和對(duì)觀念這一概念的研究探析其前后期哲學(xué)思想的變化，得出結(jié)論：貝克萊經(jīng)歷了經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義和唯理主義立場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變，但仍然是一位前后一致的客觀唯心論者。
關(guān)鍵詞：觀念，精神，上帝，唯心主義
Abstract
“Idea” is one of the two major categories in Berkeley's philosophy. For a longtime, his ideas were misunderstood by Chinese scholars. Many people simplyascribed his philosophy to subjective idealism by his proposition “To be is to beperceived”, they also ignored the rational factors in his philosophy. By analyzing the“idea” in The Principle of Human Knowledge, this essay holds that Berkeley's earlyattitude against the Abstract is the inevitable result from his sticking to John Lock'sempiricism. And therefore we can not classify his theory into subjective idealism.
Being greatly influenced by Plato, Aristotle and Descartes, Berkeley gave up “idea”and replaced it with “appearance” in his late life and changed the theory of knowledge.
By carefully rereading his text and reanalyzing the concept of idea, the essayconcludes that he translated from empiricism to rationalism, but Berkeley was still aconstant objective idealist.
Keyword:idea, spirit, God, idealism
目 錄
一、引言
1.1 選題意義與研究?jī)r(jià)值
1.2 文獻(xiàn)綜述與研究現(xiàn)狀
1.2.1 國(guó)內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀
1.2.2 國(guó)外研究現(xiàn)狀
二、貝克萊生平及思想背景
2.1 貝克萊的生平
2.2 貝克萊哲學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)背景
2.3《視覺(jué)新論》中闡發(fā)的哲學(xué)和心理學(xué)思想
三、貝克萊哲學(xué)觀念論的理路
3.1 觀念的古今之爭(zhēng)
3.2 對(duì)洛克觀念學(xué)說(shuō)的繼承和批判
3.2.1 對(duì)洛克學(xué)說(shuō)的繼承
3.2.2 對(duì)洛克學(xué)說(shuō)的改造
3.3 反抽象觀念說(shuō)
3.3.1 抽象觀念的語(yǔ)言學(xué)批判
3.3.2 對(duì)抽象觀念的認(rèn)識(shí)論批判及其體現(xiàn)出的客觀唯心主義
3.3.3 抽象觀念的本體論批判
四、《西利斯》中闡發(fā)的認(rèn)識(shí)論
4.1 觀念說(shuō)的變化
4.1.1 知識(shí)的來(lái)源
4.1.2 經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義到唯理主義
4.2.觀念學(xué)說(shuō)的困境與以太思想
4.2.1 觀念學(xué)說(shuō)的困境
4.2.2 以太思想
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