淺談?dòng)⒄Z動(dòng)詞化的幾種類型論文
【摘 要】英語動(dòng)詞化一直是被忽視的語法隱喻來源,也是語法隱喻在詞匯語法層面體現(xiàn)的重要形式和手段之一,本文探討了動(dòng)詞化的定義與類型。
【關(guān)鍵詞】動(dòng)詞化 語法隱喻
從語義層來看,動(dòng)詞化指的是把不是過程的成分當(dāng)作過程來處理(take non-process as process)。從形式層來看,動(dòng)詞化指的是通過用動(dòng)詞替代其他此類來表達(dá)一般不是由動(dòng)詞表達(dá)的`意義。
根據(jù)我們的觀察,動(dòng)詞化的類型可以大致分為以下四個(gè)小類:
。1)把時(shí)間關(guān)系看作過程;
。2)把因果關(guān)系看作過程;
。3)把條件看作過程;
。4)把讓步關(guān)系看作過程。這些類型的共同之處是把原來一致式的住從句變成了簡單句,把原來兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上一致式小句所包含的信息通過“打包”(packing)的方式納入一個(gè)小句,從而夸大了非一致式小句的信息容量。
1.把時(shí)間關(guān)系看作過程
時(shí)間關(guān)系有兩種:一種是先后關(guān)系,一種是同時(shí)關(guān)系。
表示先后關(guān)系,英語一般使用after和before等連詞或then和afterwards等副詞來表示,但也可以通過動(dòng)詞化變?yōu)檫^程。請(qǐng)比較下列兩組例證:
[1a]She left before I arrived.
[1b]Her departure preceded my arrival.
[2a]Motorcycles came first. Motorcade appeared afterwards.
[2b]The motorcade followed Motorcycles.
表示同時(shí)關(guān)系,英語通常使用while等連詞, meanwhile、concurrently、simultaneously等副詞,以及at the same time等介詞短語,但也可以通過動(dòng)詞化變?yōu)檫^程,如:
[3a] The strike took place last Monday. The party conference was held at the same time.
[3b] The strike was timed to coincide with the party conference.
[4a] There were strong winds. And in the meantime there was a heavy rain.
[4b] Strong winds were accompanied by a heavy rain.
無論是先后關(guān)系還是同時(shí)關(guān)系,一致式都傾向于把時(shí)間關(guān)系看作小句及物結(jié)構(gòu)之外的邏輯成分,如[1a]中的before;或看作環(huán)境成分,如[2a]中的afterwards、[3a]中的at the same time和[4a]中的in the meantime。而非一致式則把時(shí)間關(guān)系看作一種動(dòng)態(tài)的過程。
2.把因果關(guān)系看作過程
因果關(guān)系通常是由because和since等連詞體現(xiàn)的,但也可以通過動(dòng)詞化變?yōu)檫^程,如:
[5a]Because he was careless, a traffic accident occurred.
[5b] His carelessness caused a traffic accident.
[6a] We rushed and so became confused.
[6b] Our rushing led to our confusion.
在這些例子中,[5a]和[6a]分別使用了連詞bacause和so來表示原因,而[5b]和[6b]卻分別使用了動(dòng)詞cause和lead to表示同樣的邏輯關(guān)系,從而使因果關(guān)系具有動(dòng)態(tài)化的特征。
3.把條件關(guān)系看作過程
條件關(guān)系通常由if和unless等連詞體現(xiàn),但也可以通過動(dòng)詞化變?yōu)檫^程,如:
[7a]If you have good food, exercises and enough sleep, you will have good health.
[7b]Good health depends on good food, exercises and enough sleep.
[8a] I sleep with the window open unless it’s really cold.
[8b]Whether I sleep with the window open is determined by the weather condition.
在這些例子中,[7a]和[8a]分別使用了連詞if和unless表示條件關(guān)系,而[7b]和[8b]卻分別使用動(dòng)詞depend on和determine表示同樣的邏輯關(guān)系。
4.把讓步關(guān)系看作過程
讓步關(guān)系通常是由although和even though等連詞以及even so等副詞詞組來體現(xiàn),但也可以通過動(dòng)詞化變?yōu)檫^程,如:
[9a]Even though the motor housing was unstable, the research staff completed the field trials.
[9b]The instability of the motor housing did not preclude the completion of the field trials.
[10a]She is annoying at times. Even so, I like her.
[10b]Her annoyance does not stop me from liking her.
在這些例子中,[9a]、[10a]分別使用了連詞even though和even so表示讓步關(guān)系,而[9b]、[10b]卻使用動(dòng)詞否定式did not preclude和does not stop表示同樣的邏輯關(guān)系。在這里,隱性的否定性邏輯關(guān)系變成了顯性的動(dòng)態(tài)過程,使原本靜態(tài)的意義變成小句的過程,實(shí)現(xiàn)了邏輯關(guān)系的動(dòng)態(tài)化。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]朱永生.英語中的語法隱喻現(xiàn)象[J].外國語,1994,(1).
[2]郭亞麗.英語中動(dòng)詞化類型探討[J].重慶科技學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2007,(1).
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