分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩類�，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞則只有一般式。現(xiàn)在分詞表動作正在進行，表主動。過去分詞及物動詞表動作已經(jīng)完成，表被動。過去分詞不及物動詞表動作已經(jīng)完成，表主動。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1、作定語
I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.
The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.
2、作表語
When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.
I'm interested in this book.
3、作賓語補足語
I'm going to have my bike repaired.
When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.
4、作狀語
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.
The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.
現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。
1、作狀語
Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.
Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.
2、作賓語
I hate being spoken ill of.
He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.
3、作表語
Seeing is believing.
The book is interesting.
4、作賓語補足語
I noticed him crossing the street.
Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.
5、作定語
Do you know the man writing a letter?
The worker running a machine is my brother.
分詞使用中的幾個問題
1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式
Having cleaned the room, I went out.
2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式
Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.
3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的不同
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、正在，過去分詞表示被動、完成
I found the man killed there.
I found the man standing there.
4、have結(jié)構(gòu)
We have the car repaired.
We have repaired the car.
We have Tom repair the car.
We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.
5、分詞作表語
We were excited at the news.
The football game is exciting.
6、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.
II.例題
例1、Time_______，I'll go on a picnic with you.
A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting
解析：該題答案為D。Time permitting…是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，意為"如果時間允許的話…"
例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.
A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking
解析：該題答案為C。主語she是被問。