1、表示原因

　　1)There are three reasons for this.

　　2)The reasons for this are as follows.

　　3)The reason for this is obvious.

　　4)The reason for this is not far to seek.

　　5)The reason for this is that...

　　6)We have good reason to believe that...

　　例如：

　　There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.

　　2、表示好處

　　1)It has the following advantages.

　　2)It does us a lot of good.

　　3)It benefits us quite a lot.

　　4)It is beneficial to us.

　　5)It is of great benefit to us.

　　例如：

　　Books are like friends.They ca n help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.

　　3、表示壞處

　　1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.

　　2)It does us much harm.

　　3)It is harmful to us.

　　例如：

　　However，everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.

　　4、表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

　　1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible)for sb.to do sth.

　　2)We think it necessary to do sth.

　　3)It plays an important role in our life.

　　例如：

　　Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be found in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.

　　5、表示措施

　　1)We should take some effective measures.

　　2)We should try our best to overcome(con quer)the difficulties.

　　3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.

　　4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.

　　例如：

　　The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.

　　6、表示變化

　　1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.

　　2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.

　　3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.

　　例如：

　　Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.

　　7、表示事實、現(xiàn)狀

　　1)We cannot ignore the fact that...

　　2)No one can deny the fact that...

　　3)There is no denying the fact that...

　　4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.

　　5)However，that’s not the&nb sp;case.

　　例如：

　　We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.

　　8、表示比較

　　1)Compared with A，B...

　　2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.

　　3)There is a striking contrast between them.

　　例如：

　　Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.

　　9、表示數(shù)量

　　1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...

　　2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000.

　　3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.

　　例如：

　　With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has dec reased while that spent on education has increased.

　　再如：

　　From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.

　　10、表示看法

　　1)People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth.

　　2)People have different opinions on this problem.

　　3)People take different views of(on)the question.

　　4)Some people believe that...Others argue that...

　　例如：

　　People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.

　　Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.

　　再如：

　　Do“l(fā)ucky numbers really bring good luck?Different people have different views on it.

　　11、表示結(jié)論

　　1)In short，it can be said that...

　　2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.

　　3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ...

　　例如：

　　From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination

　　is necessary，however， its method should be improved.

　　12、套語

　　1)It’s well known to us that ...

　　2)As is known to us，...

　　3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.

　　4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that ...

　　5)As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.

　　例如：

　　As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.

　　The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower .As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.

　　再如： Does it pay to be honest?This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it.

　　13、開頭

　　A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” (適用于已記住的名言)

　　It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (適用于自編名言)

　　As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

　　According to a recent survey, about 78.90f the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.

　　14、主體

　　to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(強烈推薦)

　　to start with, next, in addition, finally(強烈推薦)

　　first and foremost, besides, last but not least(強烈推薦)

　　most important of all, moreover, finally

　　on the one hand, on the other hand(適用于兩點的情況)

　　for one thing, for another thing(適用于兩點的情況)

　　in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

　　on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …

　　15、結(jié)尾

　　Obviously(此為過渡短語), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

　　to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

　　Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…

　　Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.

　　Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.