孫子兵法地形篇及中英文對(duì)照

地形篇

孫子曰： 地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險(xiǎn)者、有遠(yuǎn)者。我可以往，彼可以來，曰通；通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰(zhàn)則利。可以往，難以返，曰掛；掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支；支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也；引而去之，令敵半出而擊之，利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵；若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險(xiǎn)形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵；若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。遠(yuǎn)形者，勢(shì)均，難以挑戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)而不利。凡此六者，地之道也；將之至任，不可不察也。

故兵有走者，有馳者，有陷者，有崩者，有亂者，有北者。凡此六者，非天之災(zāi)，將之過也。夫勢(shì)均，以一擊十，曰走。卒強(qiáng)吏弱，曰馳。吏強(qiáng)卒弱，曰陷。 大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰(zhàn)，將不知其能，曰崩。將弱不嚴(yán)，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂。將不能料敵，以少合眾，以弱擊強(qiáng)，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也；將之至任，不可不察也。

夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計(jì)險(xiǎn)阨遠(yuǎn)近，上將之道也。知此而用戰(zhàn)者必勝，不知此而用戰(zhàn)者必?cái)　?/p>

故戰(zhàn)道必勝，主曰無戰(zhàn)，必戰(zhàn)可也；戰(zhàn)道不勝，主曰必戰(zhàn)，無戰(zhàn)可也。故進(jìn)不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，國(guó)之寶也。

視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深溪；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。

知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰(zhàn)，勝之半也。

故知兵者，動(dòng)而不迷，舉而不窮。故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃不窮。

孫子說：地形有“通形”、“掛形”、“支形”、“隘形”、“險(xiǎn)形”、“遠(yuǎn)形”。我們可以去，敵人可以來的地域叫通形；在通形地域上，應(yīng)先占領(lǐng)視界開闊的高地，保證糧道暢通，這樣作戰(zhàn)就有利。可以前往，難以返回的地域叫掛形；在掛形地域上，如果敵人沒有防備，就可以突然出擊而戰(zhàn)勝它；如果敵人有防備，出擊不能取勝，難以返回，就不利了。我軍出擊不利，敵人出擊也下利的地域叫支形；在支形地域上，敵人雖然以利誘我，也不要出擊，而應(yīng)引兵離去，當(dāng)敵人前出一半時(shí)再回兵攻擊，這樣就有利。在隘形地域上，我軍應(yīng)先敵占領(lǐng)，并封鎖隘口等待敵人；如果敵人先占領(lǐng)隘口，并用重兵據(jù)守，就不要去打。如果沒有封鎖隘口，則可以去打。

在險(xiǎn)形地域上，如果我軍先敵占領(lǐng)，必須控制視界開闊的高地，以等待來犯之?dāng)�；如果敵人先占領(lǐng)，就應(yīng)引兵離去，不要去打它。在遠(yuǎn)形地域上，雙方勢(shì)均力敵，不宜挑戰(zhàn)，勉強(qiáng)求戰(zhàn)，則不利。以上六條，是利用地形的原則；是將帥的重大責(zé)任，不可不認(rèn)真考察研究。

軍事上有“走”、“弛”、“陷”、“崩”、“亂”、“北”六種情況。這六種情況，不是天災(zāi)造成的，而是將帥的過錯(cuò)造成的。凡是勢(shì)均力敵而以一擊十的，叫做“走”。兵卒強(qiáng)干，軍官軟弱的，叫做“弛”。軍官強(qiáng)干，兵卒懦弱的，叫做“陷”。高級(jí)軍吏憤怒而不服從指揮，遇到敵人怨忿而擅自出戰(zhàn)，將帥又不了解他們的能力的，叫做“崩”。將帥懦弱不嚴(yán)、治軍無方，軍吏士卒不受軍紀(jì)約束，出兵列陣雜亂無章的，叫做“亂”。將帥不能正確判斷敵情，以少擊眾，以弱擊強(qiáng)，軍隊(duì)又沒有“選鋒”的，叫做“北”。以上六種情況，都是造成失敗的原因；是將帥的重大責(zé)任，不可不認(rèn)真考察研究。

地形是用兵的輔助條件。判斷敵情，奪取勝利，考察地形的險(xiǎn)隘和道路的遠(yuǎn)近，這是高明的將領(lǐng)必須掌握的方法。懂得這些道理去指揮作戰(zhàn)的，必然勝利；不懂得這些道理去指揮作戰(zhàn)的，必然失敗。

從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)規(guī)律上分析，必然會(huì)勝利的，即使國(guó)君說不打，也可以堅(jiān)持打；從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)規(guī)律上分析，不能打勝的，即使國(guó)君說一定要打，也可以不去打。進(jìn)不求名利，退下避罪責(zé)，只求保全民眾而有利于國(guó)君，這樣的將帥，才是國(guó)家的珍寶。

對(duì)待兵卒如同對(duì)待嬰兒，兵卒就能與他共赴危難；對(duì)待兵卒如同對(duì)待愛子，兵卒就能與他同生共死。對(duì)待兵卒厚養(yǎng)而不使用，愛寵而不教育，違法而不懲治，那就好比受溺愛的驕子，是不能用未打仗的。

只了解自己的部隊(duì)能打，而不了解敵人不可以打，勝利的可能只有一半；了解敵人可以打，而不了解自己的部隊(duì)不能打，勝利的可能只有一半；了解敵人可以打，也了解自己的部隊(duì)能打，而不了解地形不利于打，勝利的可能也只有一半。??? 所以，懂得用兵的人，他行動(dòng)起來決不迷惑，他的對(duì)敵之策變化無窮。所以說：了解對(duì)方，了解自己，爭(zhēng)取勝利就不會(huì)有危險(xiǎn)；懂得天時(shí)，懂得地利，勝利就可保萬全。

The Terrain

Sunzi said:

There are the following six kinds of terrain: tong(通)—that which is accessible; gua(掛)—that which enmeshes; zhi(支)—that which is disadvantageous to both sides; ai(隘)—that which is narrow and precipitous; xian(險(xiǎn))—that which is hazardous; and yuan(遠(yuǎn))—that which is distant.

Terrain which both armies can approach freely is called tong. On such a terrain, he who first oc

cupies the sunny high ground and establishes convenient supply routes has the advantage in battle.

Terrain which allows entry but is hard to leave is called gua. The nature of this terrain is such that if the enemy is unprepared and you go out to engage him, you might defeat him. But when the enemy is prepared and you go out to engage him, you will not only fail to defeat him, but will have difficulty getting out. Consequently, you will be in trouble.

Terrain equally disadvantageous for either side to enter is called zhi. On this kind of terrain, even if the enemy tempts you, you must not take the bait, but should withdraw.Having lured the enemy halfway out, you can then strike to your advantage.

On ai terrain, if you can occupy the pass fist, you must fully garrison it and await the enemy approach. Should the enemy occupy and garrison such a pass first, you should not seek battle. But if he fails to garrison it, you may launch an attack.

As to xian terrain, if you occupy it first, you must take the high ground on the sunny side and await the enemy. In case the enemy occupies it first, you must quit the place and refrain from pursuing him. And in the case of yuan. that is when the enemy is some distance away, if both sides are evenly matched in strength, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and taking the battle to the enemy is not to your advantage.

Now these are the six rules governing the use of t第一文庫網(wǎng)errain. It is the commander's responsibility to study them with the utmost care.

In warfare, there are six calamitous situations, namely, flight, insubordination, deterioration, ruin, chaos and rout. These are not caused by nature; rather they are the fault of the commander.

When the strategic advantages of the two sides are about the same, for an army to attack an enemy ten times its size will result in flight. if the soldiers are strong but the officers weak, the result will be insubordination. If the officers are strong but the soldiers weak, the result will be deterioration. If a frontline officer gets into a rage and becomes insubordinate and, on encountering the enemy, allows his resentment to spur him into unauthorized engagements, and the commander has no idea of that officer's capabilities, the result will be ruin. If the commander is weak and incompetent and his leadership lax, if there are no consistent rules to guide the officers and men and if his military formations are in disarray, the result will be chaos, if the commander, unable to assess his enemy, sends a small force to engage a large one, pits his weak forces against the enemy's strong, and operates without a vanguard of crack troops, the result will be rout. These are the six ways to certain defeat. It is the responsibility of the commander to examine them thoroughly.

Advantageous terrain can be a natural ally in battle. Superior military leadership lies in the ability to assess the enemy’s situation and create conditions for victory, to analyze natural

hazards and calculate distances, He who fights with full knowledge of these factors is certain to win; he who fights without this knowledge is certain to lose.

Thus, if the way of war guarantees you victory, it is right for you to insist on fighting even if the sovereign has said not to. Where the way of war does not allow victory, it is right for you to refuse to fight even if the sovereign says you must. Therefore, a commander who decides to advance without any thought of winning personal fame and to withdraw without fear of punishment and whose only concern is to protect his people and serve his sovereign is an invaluable asset to the state.

Because he cares for his soldiers as if they were infants, they will follow him through the greatest dangers. Because he loves his soldiers as if they were his own sons, they will stand by him even unto death, However, if the commander indulges his troops to the point he cannot use them, if he dotes on them to the point he cannot enforce his orders, if his troops are disorderly and he is unable to control them, they will be like spoiled children and useless.

To know that your troops are capable of striking at the enemy but not to know that he is invulnerable to attack reduces your chances of victory to half. To know that the enemy is vulnerable to attack but not to know that your troops are incapable of striking at him again reduces to half your chances of victory. To know that the enemy is vulnerable to attack and that your troops are capable of attacking, but not to know that the terrain does not favor you in battle once again reduces your chances of victory to half.

So it is that those who are well versed in warfare are never bewildered when they take action and their resourcefulness in overcoming the enemy is limitless.

Therefore, it is said: Know your enemy and know yourself, victory will not be at risk; know both heaven and earth, and victory will be complete.

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